Genetic engineering

direct manipulation of an organism's genome using biotechnology

French microbiologist and biochemist (born 1968)

Transhumanism is a philosophical movement that advocates the enhancement of the human condition by developing and making widely available new and future technologies to enhance longevity, cognition, and well-being. Influenced by seminal works of science fiction, the transhumanist vision of a transformed future humanity has many supporters and detractors from a wide range of perspectives, including philosophy and religion. Some critics argue that transhumanism amounts to little more than a "rebranding" of eugenics.

genetic modification of a patient's cells to produce a therapeutic effect

foods produced from organisms that have had changes introduced into their DNA

thumb|262px|Diagram of the CRISPR prokaryotic antiviral defense mechanism CRISPR (; acronym for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) is a family of DNA sequences found in the genomes of prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria and archaea. Each sequence within an individual prokaryotic CRISPR is derived from a DNA fragment of a bacteriophage that had previously infected the prokaryote or one of its ancestors. These sequences are used to detect and destroy DNA from similar bacteriophages during subsequent infections. Hence these sequences play a key role in the antiviral (i.

methods used to achieve pregnancy by artificial or partially artificial means

biochemical method to cut and edit DNA

plants used in agriculture, the DNA of which has been modified using genetic engineering techniques

thumb|right|230px|Cuvettes for in-vitro electroporation. These are plastic with aluminium [[electrodes and a blue lid. They hold a maximum of 400 μL.]]

thumb|The Escherichia coli|E. coli colonies glowing green under near-UV light have been transformed with a [[plasmid containing the transgene green fluorescent protein from Aequorea victoria]] A transgene is a gene that has been transferred naturally, or by any of a number of genetic engineering techniques, from one organism to another. The introduction of a transgene, in a process known as transgenesis, has the potential to change the phenotype of an organism. Transgene describes a segment of DNA containing a gene sequence that has been isolated from one organism and is introduced into a diff

covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within an RNA molecule to produce an RNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically

Biosafety is the prevention of large-scale loss of biological integrity, focusing both on ecology and human health. These prevention mechanisms include the conduction of regular reviews of biosafety in laboratory settings, as well as strict guidelines to follow. Biosafety is used to protect from harmful incidents. Many laboratories handling biohazards employ an ongoing risk management assessment and enforcement process for biosafety. Failures to follow such protocols can lead to increased risk of exposure to biohazards or pathogens. Human error and poor technique contribute to unnecessary expo

animals that have been genetically modified for various purposes

synthetic nucleic acid (eight nucleobases — four natural, and four synthetic)

method in molecular genetics

A cosmid is a type of hybrid plasmid that contains a Lambda phage cos sequence. Often used as cloning vectors in genetic engineering, cosmids can be used to build genomic libraries. They were first described by Collins and Hohn in 1978. Cosmids can contain 37 to 52 (normally 45) kb of DNA, limits based on the normal bacteriophage packaging size. They can replicate as plasmids if they have a suitable origin of replication (ori): for example SV40 ori in mammalian cells, ColE1 ori for double-stranded DNA replication, or f1 ori for single-stranded DNA replication in prokaryotes. They frequently al

The vaccinia virus (VACV or VV) is a large, complex, enveloped virus belonging to the poxvirus family. It has a linear, double-stranded DNA genome approximately 190 kbp in length, which encodes approximately 250 genes. The dimensions of the virion are roughly 360 × 270 × 250 nm, with a mass of approximately 5–10 fg. The vaccinia virus is the source of the modern smallpox vaccine, which the World Health Organization (WHO) used to eradicate smallpox in a global vaccination campaign in 1958–1977. Although smallpox no longer exists in the wild, vaccinia virus is still studied widely by scient

genetic technique that uses homologous recombination to change an endogenous gene

controversial term for uncontrolled dispersal of contaminated altered genes from genetically engineered organisms to natural organisms

process where the limited gene pool of an endangered species diminishes even more when reproductive individuals die off before reproducing with others in their endangered low population

human embryo which has been genetically modified

way to propagate genes throughout a population

REDIRECTGene delivery

class of biopharmaceutical drug

nascent field of synthetic biology that uses aspects of genetic modification on pre-existing life forms, or artificial gene synthesis to create new DNA or entire lifeforms

proposed methods for restricting the use of GMOs to only activate in response to a given stimulus.

collection of DNA fragments

Bosnian public research institute

medical rehabilitation measures to improve vision

genetic engineering method

DNA screening technique

aspect of history

Anti-CRISPR (Anti-Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats or Acr) is a group of proteins found in phages, that inhibit the normal activity of CRISPR-Cas, the immune system of certain bacteria. CRISPR consists of genomic sequences that can be found in prokaryotic organisms, that come from bacteriophages that infected the bacteria beforehand, and are used to defend the cell from further viral attacks. Anti-CRISPR results from an evolutionary process occurred in phages in order to avoid having their genomes destroyed by the prokaryotic cells that they will infect.

biological process

chemical compound

mouse with altered genomes

genetic engineering to produce pharmaceuticals

artificial nucleases that cleave DNA at a defined distance from specific sequences

egg containing genetic material from a male

thumb|335x335px|Potatoes after treatment with Phytophthora infestans. The normal potatoes have blight but the cisgenic potatoes are healthy Cisgenesis is a product designation for a category of genetically engineered plants. A variety of classification schemes have been proposed that order genetically modified organisms based on the nature of introduced genotypical changes, rather than the process of genetic engineering.

site-specific recombinase technology

Cas12a (CRISPR-associated protein 12a, previously known as Cpf1) is an RNA-guided endonuclease-exonuclease that forms an essential component of the CRISPR systems found in some bacteria and archaea. In its natural context, Cas12a targets and destroys the genetic material of viruses and other foreign mobile genetic elements, thereby protecting the host cell from infection. Like other Cas enzymes, Cas12a binds to a "guide" RNA (termed a crRNA, or CRISPR RNA) which targets it to a DNA sequence in a specific and programmable matter. In the host organism, the crRNA contains a constant region that i

biotechnological elimination of involuntary suffering

ribosome recoding-inducing peptide sequence

Controversy in genetic engineering

plants with human-introduced genes from other organisms

Experimental genome editing technique

overview of the techniques of genetic engineering

manipulating the epigenome at the target region with little modification of the genomic DNA

entity that incorporates elements from both humans and non-human animals

highly polymorphic nuclear or mitochondrial DNA region

A plantibody is an antibody produced by plants that have been genetically engineered with animal DNA encoding a specific human antibody known to neutralize a particular pathogen or toxin. The transgenic plants produce antibodies similar to their human counterparts, and following purification, plantibodies can be administered therapeutically to acutely ill patients or prophylactically to at-risk individuals (such as healthcare workers). The term plantibody was trademarked by the company Biolex.

thumb|Angora goat at the Texas State Fair.

programmable transcriptional activator

fraud in fertility medicine

overview about the regulation of genetic engineering

Genetically modified moss plant