German idealism

thumb|Caspar David Friedrich, [[Wanderer above the Sea of Fog, 1818]] thumb|right|Eugène Delacroix, [[Death of Sardanapalus, 1827, taking its Orientalist subject from a play by Lord Byron]] thumb|Philipp Otto Runge, The Morning, 1808

predominant philosophical movement in Germany around 1800

metaphor about the challenges of human intimacy

epistemology, proposed by Kant, in which space and time are merely formal features of how we perceive objects, not things in themselves that exist independently of us

type of idealism in metaphysics

intellectual movement in the culture of German-speaking countries in the late-18th and early 19th centuries

American philosopher (1913-1997)

thumb|Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling (1775–1854), considered the primary figure of Naturphilosophie "Naturphilosophie" (German for "nature-philosophy") is a term used in English-language philosophy to identify a current in the philosophical tradition of German idealism, as applied to the study of nature in the earlier 19th century. German speakers use the clearer term "Romantische Naturphilosophie", the philosophy of nature developed at the time of the founding of German Romanticism. It is particularly associated with the philosophical work of Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling and Geo

1780s debates about Spinosa's pantheism

Mathematicism is 'the effort to employ the formal structure and rigorous method of mathematics as a model for the conduct of philosophy', or the epistemological view that reality is fundamentally mathematical. The term has been applied to a number of philosophers, including Pythagoras and René Descartes although the term was not used by themselves.

Geist () is a German noun with a significant degree of importance in German philosophy. Geist can be roughly translated into three English meanings: ghost (as in the supernatural entity), spirit (as in the Holy Spirit), and mind or intellect. Some English translators resort to using "spirit/mind" or "spirit (mind)" to help convey the meaning of the term.