Glaciology

An urstromtal (plural: Urstromtäler) is a type of broad glacial valley, for example, in northern Central Europe, that appeared during the ice ages, or individual glacial periods of an ice age, at the edge of the Scandinavian ice sheet and was formed by meltwaters that flowed more or less parallel to the ice margin. Urstromtäler are an element of the glacial series. The term is German and means "ancient stream valley". Although often translated as "glacial valley", it should not be confused with a valley carved out by a glacier. More accurately some sources call them "meltwater valleys" or "ice

deposit of clay, often full of boulders, formed from the ground moraine material of glaciers and ice-sheets

difference between accumulation and ablation

thumb|The deglaciation of North America after the last ice age. Ka means thousand years ago. Deglaciation is the transition from full glacial conditions during ice ages, to warm interglacials, characterized by global warming and sea level rise due to change in continental ice volume. Thus, it refers to the retreat of a glacier, an ice sheet or frozen surface layer, and the resulting exposure of the Earth's surface. The decline of the cryosphere due to ablation can occur on any scale from global to localized to a particular glacier. After the Last Glacial Maximum (ca. 21,000 years ago), the las

glaciation

type of lake formed by glaciation

code name for a top-secret United States Army program during the Cold War to build a network of mobile nuclear missile launch sites under the Greenland ice sheet

area on a glacier

cave formed within the ice of a glacier

periglacial lake of the Weichselian Glaciation

generic term for a type of glacier

international research organization

glacial quarrying

landform shaped by erosion and deposition from glacial meltwater

fine-grained, silt-sized particles of rock

opposing climate states on Earth

timeline

property of the climate system where surface temperatures and systemic responses to carbon cycle, radiative forcing, and ecosystem feedback are delayed

event where a glacier can advance substantially

boundary on an ice sheet, ice cap or glacier separating opposing flow directions of ice

Arc formed of snow

thumb|x180px|Cross section of a cirque glacier showing the randkluft.

mountain in Antarctica

movement of a glacier over its underlying meltwater

Ledoyom () is a term proposed by the Russian geologist for intermontane depressions which might get completely filled by glaciers from the surrounding mountains at the maxima of glaciation.

research station in Greenland

element in the glacier mass balance formula

geographic feature created by glaciation

geological phenomenon

last major glacial event of the Precambrian

depth to which the groundwater in soil is expected to freeze

period of rapid post-glacial sea level rise

Glacial Period in Britain c447,000 - c128,000

glacier is formed in a cirque

change in glacial cycles occurring 1 Mya (Pleistocene), from 41000-year glacial cycles (Milankovitch forcing) to 100000-year asymmetric cycles

the sinking of large parts of the Earth's crust

thumb|upright=1.5|The moraine running along the edge of the Skagerrak in [[Raet National Park in Norway]] Raet is the largest terminal moraine in Scandinavia. It was formed during the end of the last glacial period, 12,800–11,500 years ago, in one of the latest advances of the glaciers. The moraine system extends from Finland, where it is known as Salpausselkä, through Sweden into Østfold in southeast Norway, across the Oslofjord and around the tip of southern Norway, where Raet National Park is located in Agder, then north to northern Norway and the Kola Peninsula in northwest Russia. In seve

geographical feature composed of superimposed structures created at different times

geological phenomenon

period of either rapid or just accelerated post-glacial sea level rise