Grand Duchy of Finland

Helsinki () is the capital and most populous city in Finland. It is on the shore of the Gulf of Finland and is the seat of southern Finland's Uusimaa region. About people live in the municipality, with  million in the capital region and  million in the metropolitan area. As the most populous urban area in Finland, it is the country's most significant centre for politics, education, finance, culture, and research. Helsinki is north of Tallinn, Estonia, east of Stockholm, Sweden, and west of Saint Petersburg, Russia.

Tampere is a city in Finland and the regional capital of Pirkanmaa. It is in the Finnish Lakeland. Tampere's population is about , while the metropolitan area has a population of about . It is Finland's most populous municipality and the second most populous urban area in the country after the Helsinki metropolitan area.

Turku ( ; ; , ) is a city in Finland and the regional capital of Southwest Finland. It is located on the southwestern coast of the country at the mouth of the River Aura. The population of Turku is approximately , while the metropolitan area has a population of approximately . It is the –most populous municipality in Finland, and the third–most populous urban area in the country after Helsinki and Tampere.

Kuopio ( , ) is a city in Finland and the regional capital of North Savo. It is located in the Finnish Lakeland. The population of Kuopio is approximately , while the sub-region has a population of approximately . It is the most populous municipality in Finland, and the seventh most populous urban area in the country.

Oulu ( , ; ) is a major port city in Finland and the regional capital of North Ostrobothnia. It is located on the north-western coast of the country at the mouth of the River Oulu. The population of Oulu is approximately , while the sub-region has a population of approximately . It is the most populous municipality in Finland, and the fourth most populous urban area in the country. Oulu is also the most populous city in Northern Finland.

Vyborg (; , ; , ; , ) is a town and the administrative center of Vyborgsky District in Leningrad Oblast, Russia. It lies on the Karelian Isthmus near the head of Vyborg Bay, northwest of St. Petersburg, east of the Finnish capital Helsinki, and south of Russia's border with Finland, where the Saimaa Canal enters the Gulf of Finland. The most recent census population of Vyborg is

Jyväskylä () is a city in Finland and the regional capital of Central Finland. It is located in the Finnish Lakeland. The population of Jyväskylä is approximately , while the sub-region has a population of approximately . It is Finland's most populous municipality, and fifth most populous urban area.

Lahti (, ; ) is a city in Finland and the regional capital of Päijät-Häme. It is located in the Finnish Lakeland. The population of Lahti is approximately , while the sub-region has a population of approximately . It is the most populous municipality in Finland, and the sixth most populous urban area in the country.

Joensuu (; ) is a city in Finland and the regional capital of North Karelia. It is located in the eastern interior of the country and in the Finnish Lakeland. The population of Joensuu is approximately , while the sub-region has a population of approximately . It is the -most populous municipality in Finland, and the 9th-most populous urban area in the country.

Pori (; ; ) is a city in Finland and the regional capital of Satakunta. It is located on the west coast of the country, on the Gulf of Bothnia. The population of Pori is approximately , while the sub-region has a population of approximately . It is the most populous municipality in Finland, and the eighth most populous urban area in the country.

Vaasa (; , ), formerly (1855–1917) known as Nikolaistad (; ), is a city in Finland and the regional capital of Ostrobothnia. It is located on the west coast of the country, on the Gulf of Bothnia. The population of Vaasa is approximately , while the sub-region has a population of approximately . It is the most populous municipality in Finland, and the tenth most populous urban area in the country.

Porvoo (; ; ) is a city in Finland. It is located on the south coast of the country, on the Gulf of Finland. Porvoo lies in the eastern part of the Uusimaa region. The population of Porvoo is approximately , while the sub-region has a population of approximately . It is the most populous municipality in Finland, and the 15th most populous urban area in the country.

Kotka (; ) is a town in Finland, located on the southeastern coast of the country at the mouth of the Kymi River. The population of Kotka is approximately , while the sub-region has a population of approximately . It is the most populous municipality in Finland, and the 16th most populous urban area in the country.

Lappeenranta (; ) is a city in Finland and the regional capital of South Karelia. It is located in the southeastern interior of the country and in the Finnish Lakeland. The population of Lappeenranta is approximately , while the sub-region has a population of approximately . It is the most populous municipality in Finland, and the 11th most populous urban area in the country.

Mikkeli (; ; ; ) is a city in, and the regional capital of, South Savo, Finland, located in the Finnish Lakeland. The population is approximately , while the Mikkeli sub-region of South Savo has a population of approximately . Mikkeli is the most-populous municipality of Finland and the 19th most-populous urban area in the country.

Hämeenlinna (; ; ; or Croneburgum) is a city in Finland and the regional capital of Kanta-Häme. It is located in the southern interior of the country and on the shores of Lake Vanajavesi. The population of Hämeenlinna is approximately , while the sub-region has a population of approximately . It is the most populous municipality in Finland, and the 14th most populous urban area in the country.

Kajaani (; ), is a town in Finland and the regional capital of Kainuu. Kajaani is located southeast of Lake Oulu, which drains into the Gulf of Bothnia through the Oulu River. The population of Kajaani is approximately , while the sub-region has a population of approximately . It is the most populous municipality in Finland.

Kokkola (; , ) is a town in Finland and the regional capital of Central Ostrobothnia. It is located on the west coast of the country, on the Gulf of Bothnia. The population of Kokkola is approximately , while the sub-region has a population of approximately . It is the most populous municipality in Finland, and the 20th most populous urban area in the country.

town in the region of Satakunta in Finland

Savonlinna (, , ; ) is a town in Finland, located in the eastern interior of the country. It lies in the Finnish Lakeland, the South Savo region. The population of Savonlinna is approximately , while the sub-region has a population of approximately . It is the most populous municipality in Finland.

Priozersk (; ; ) is a town and the administrative center of Priozersky District in Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located at the northwestern shore of Lake Ladoga, at the estuary of the northern armlet of the Vuoksi River on the Karelian Isthmus. It is served by a station of the same name on the St. Petersburg—Khiytola railway. Population:

Kemi (; ; ; ) is a town and municipality of Finland. It is located approximately from the city of Tornio and the Swedish border. The distance to Oulu is to the south and to Rovaniemi is to the northeast. It was founded in 1869 by a decree of the Emperor Alexander II of Russia because of its proximity to a deepwater port.

predecessor state of modern Finland

Jakobstad (; , ) is a town in Finland, located on the west coast of the country. Jakobstad is situated in Ostrobothnia, along the Gulf of Bothnia. The population of Jakobstad is approximately , while the sub-region has a population of approximately . It is the most populous municipality in Finland.

Sortavala (; Finnish and ; ), in Russian sometimes known as Serdobol (), is a town in the Republic of Karelia, Russia, located at the northern tip of Lake Ladoga near the Finnish border, west of Petrozavodsk, the capital city of the Republic of Karelia. The closest city on the Finnish side of the border is Joensuu, which is located from Sortavala. In 2021, the population of Sortavala was 19,215.

Tornio (; ; ; ) is a city and municipality in Lapland, Finland. The city forms a cross-border twin city together with Haparanda on the Swedish side. The municipality covers an area of , of which is water. The population density is , with a total population of ().

Uusikaupunki (; , ; also known as Vasaborg) is a town and municipality of Finland. It is located in the Southwest Finland region, northwest of Turku and south of Pori. The municipality has a population of () and covers an area of of which is inland water. The population density is .

Iisalmi (; ) is a town and municipality in the region of North Savo in Finland. It is located north of Kuopio and south of Kajaani. The municipality has a population of (), which makes it the second largest of the five towns in North Savo in population, only Kuopio being larger. It covers an area of of which is water. The population density is . The municipality is unilingually Finnish.

town in the region of Uusimaa in Finland

Heinola () is a town and a municipality of inhabitants () located in the eastern part of the Päijät-Häme region, Finland, near the borders of the South Savo region and the Kymenlaakso region. It is the third largest municipality in the region in terms of population after Lahti and Hollola. The neighbour municipalities of Heinola are Asikkala, Hartola, Iitti, Kouvola, Mäntyharju, Nastola, Pertunmaa and Sysmä.

Hamina (; , , Sweden ) is a town and a municipality of Finland. It is located approximately east of the country's capital Helsinki, in the Kymenlaakso region, and formerly the province of Southern Finland. The municipality's population is (as of ) and covers an area of , of which is water. The population density is . The population of the central town is approximately 10,000. The municipal language of Hamina is Finnish.

cathedral in Helsinki, Church of Finland

Naantali (; ) is a town in Southwest Finland, and, as a resort town during the summer, an important centre of tourism in the country. The municipality has a population of (), and is located west of Turku.

Loviisa (; ; formerly Degerby) is a town in Finland, located on the southern coast of the country. Loviisa is situated in the eastern part of the Uusimaa region. The population of Loviisa is approximately , while the sub-region has a population of approximately . It is the most populous municipality in Finland.

1808–1809 war between Russia and Sweden

Raahe (; ; ) is a town in Finland, located on the western coast of the country. Raahe is situated in the North Ostrobothnia region, along the Gulf of Bothnia. The population of Raahe is approximately , while the sub-region has a population of approximately . It is the most populous municipality in Finland.

former counties of Finland

Kristinestad (; ; ; ) is a town in Finland, located on the west coast of the country. Kristinestad is situated in Ostrobothnia, along the Gulf of Bothnia. The population of Kristinestad is approximately , while the sub-region has a population of approximately . It is the most populous municipality in Finland.

Kaskinen (; ) is a town and island in Finland, located on the west coast of the country. Kaskinen is situated in Ostrobothnia, along the Gulf of Bothnia. The population of Kaskinen approximately , while the sub-region has a population of approximately . It is the most populous municipality in Finland.

thumb|Illustration in Finland framstäldt i teckningar edited by [[Zacharias Topelius and published 1845-1852.]]

Heinävesi (; ) is a municipality of Finland. It is located in the North Karelia region. The municipality has a population of () and covers an area of of which is water. The population density is . Neighbouring municipalities are Savonlinna, Varkaus, Leppävirta, Tuusniemi, Outokumpu and Liperi. The city of Joensuu is located northeast of Heinävesi. The municipality is unilingually Finnish.

town and former municipality in Finland, now part of Raseborg

Eurajoki (; ) is a municipality of Finland located in the region of Satakunta in the province of Western Finland. The municipality has a population of () and covers an area of of which is water. The population density is .

political movement

entity that combined the functions of cabinet and supreme court in the Grand Duchy of Finland from 1816 to 1917 and in the independent Republic of Finland from 1917 to 1918

1809 legislative assembly which established the Grand Principality of Finland

1827 conflagration in Turku, Finland

Swedish law

Finland Swedish politician and academic (1839–1914)

title of the Emperor of Russia

Impilahti (; ; ) is a rural locality in the Republic of Karelia, Russia, located at the northern tip of Lake Ladoga near the Finnish border, about west of Petrozavodsk, the capital city of the Republic of Karelia. The nearest town is Sortavala, which is located about west of Sortavala. Before World War II, the area belonged to Finland, after which it became part of the Soviet Union.

Karelianism was a late 19th-century cultural phenomenon in the Grand Duchy of Finland and involved writers, painters, poets and sculptors. Since the publishing of the Finnish national epic Kalevala in 1835, compiled from Finnish and Karelian folk lore, culture spheres in Finland became increasingly curious about Karelian heritage and landscape. By the end of the 19th century Karelianism had become a major trend for many works of art and literature in Finland. In the movement Karelia was seen as a sort of refuge for the essence of "Finnishness" that had maintained its authenticity across centur

Finnish jurist

legislative assembly of the Grand Duchy of Finland from 1809 to 1906

thumb|, 15 April 1904 '''''' (meaning "Daily") was a newspaper in Finland, which was then a Grand Duchy under the Czar of Russia. The paper was founded in 1889 as the organ of the Young Finnish Party and was published six days a week. The founding company of the paper was Sanoma which also started its activities the same year. The founder of the paper was the Finnish journalist and later politician Eero Erkko who also served as its editor-in-chief.

building in Helsinki, Finland

used by Finnish exiles to smuggle arms into Russian-ruled Finland in 1905

Finnish politician and general (1859–1919)