Gymnosperm orders

The order Pinales in the subclass Pinidae, in the class Pinopsida, is a monotypic order which comprises only one family: pinaceae, the pine family.

Ginkgoales are a gymnosperm order containing only one extant species: Ginkgo biloba, the ginkgo tree. The order has a long fossil record extending back to the Early Permian around 300 million years ago from fossils found worldwide. The order was a common component of Permian and Triassic flora before the super dominance of conifers.

Cupressales is one of two orders of conifers within the subclass Cupressidae. It comprises three or four families: the cypress family, the yew family, the Cephalotaxaceae (which are sometimes included in the yew family and sometimes counted as a separate family) and the umbrella pines.

Araucariales is one of two orders of conifers within the subclass Cupressidae. It comprises the families Podocarpaceae and Araucariaceae, both of whose surviving members are mainly southern hemisphere conifers.