Haskalah

German-Jewish philosopher and theologian (1729–1786)

thumb|360px|right|Top row, proto-Maskilim: Raphael Levi Hannover • [[Solomon Dubno • Tobias Cohn • Marcus Elieser Bloch 2nd row, Berlin Haskalah: Salomon Jacob Cohen • David Friedländer • Naphtali Hirz Wessely • Moses Mendelssohn3rd row, Austria and Galicia: Judah Löb Mieses • Solomon Judah Loeb Rapoport • Joseph Perl • Baruch Jeitteles Bottom row, Russia: Avrom Ber Gotlober • Abraham Mapu • Samuel Joseph Fuenn • Isaac Baer Levinsohn ]]

processes of eliminating Jewish disabilities and granting civil liberties to Jews

Russian Jewish novelist (1851–1919)

Ha-Tsfira () was a Hebrew-language newspaper published in Poland in 1862 and 1874–1931.

HaMelitz (, ) was the first Hebrew newspaper in the Russian Empire. It was founded by Alexander Zederbaum in Odessa in 1860.

Jewish magazine in Russian

HaKarmel () was a Hebrew periodical, edited and published by Samuel Joseph Fuenn in Vilna from 1860 to 1880. It was one of the important forces of the Haskalah movement in the Russian Empire.