Historical Chinese exonyms

Funan (, also ; ; , ; ) was a loose network of ancient Indianized states (Mandala) located in Mainland Southeast Asia, covering parts of present-day Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam, that existed from the 1st to 7th century CE. The name is found in Chinese historical texts describing the kingdom which indicate it to be an endonym the people of Funan gave to their polity, and it is perhaps a Chinese transcription of pnom, “mountain”. Funan is generally considered as the first known kingdom in Southeast Asia. It was located to the southwest of Linyi (the Chinese designation for the historical regi

Chenla or Zhenla (; , ) is the Chinese designation for the vassal of the kingdom of Funan preceding the Khmer Empire that existed from around the late 6th to the early 9th century in Indochina. The name was still used in the 13th century by the Chinese envoy Zhou Daguan, author of The Customs of Cambodia. It appears on the Mao Kun map. However, modern historiography applies the name exclusively to the period from the late 6th to the early 9th century. This period of Cambodian history is known by historians as the Pre-Angkor period. It is doubted whether Chenla ever existed as a unitary kingdom

thumb|Rouran Khaganate, Tuyuhun, [[Yueban and Northern Wei]] Tuyuhun (; LHC: *tʰɑʔ-jok-guən; Wade-Giles: ''T'u-yühun''), also known as Henan () and Azha (; ), was a dynastic monarchy established by the nomadic peoples related to the Xianbei in the Qilian Mountains and upper Yellow River valley, in modern Qinghai, China.

thumb|320px|The Dayuan (in Ferghana) was one of the three advanced civilizations of [[Central Asia around 130 BCE, together with Parthia and Greco-Bactria, according to the Chinese historical work Book of Han.]]

Kangju (; Eastern Han Chinese: kʰɑŋ-kɨɑ < *khâŋ-ka (c. 140 BCE)) was the Chinese name of a kingdom in Central Asia during the first half of the first millennium CE. The name Kangju is now generally regarded as a variant or mutated form of the name Sogdiana. According to contemporaneous Chinese sources, Kangju was the second most powerful state in Transoxiana, after the Yuezhi. Its people, known in Chinese as the Kāng (康), were evidently of Indo-European origins, spoke an Eastern Iranian language, and had a semi-nomadic way of life. The Sogdians may have been the same people as those of Kangju

ancient Japanese tribe and oldest recorded name of Japan

thumb|300px|Daqin Guo (大秦國) appears at the Western edge, third from the bottom, of this Chinese world map, the Sihai Huayi Zongtu.

Fusang is a mythical world tree or place located far east of China.

Chinese name for the region of Southeast Asia, literally meaning Southern Ocean

ancient kingdom in north Malaysia

East Asian name of India

upright|thumb|Chinese characters for Ta-Hsia or Daxia

historical country

thumb|350px|Countries described in Zhang Qian's report. Visited countries are highlighted in blue. Yancai ( A-sɑC < OC (125 BCE) *ʔɨam-sɑs, a.k.a. 闔蘇 Hésū < *ĥa̱p-sa̱ĥ; compare also Latin Abzoae) was the Chinese name of an ancient nomadic state centered near the Aral Sea during the Han dynasty period (206 BC—220 AD). They are generally considered to have been an Iranian people of the Sarmatian group. After becoming vassals of the Kangju in the 1st century BC, Yancai became known as Alan (). Yancai 奄蔡 is often connected to the Aorsi of Roman records, while 阿蘭 Alan has been connected to the late