History of artificial intelligence

test of a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behaviour equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, that of a human

overview of the history of artificial intelligence

rapid progress in generative AI since mid-2010s

ELIZA is an early natural language processing computer program developed from 1964 to 1967 at MIT by Joseph Weizenbaum. Created to explore communication between humans and machines, ELIZA simulated conversation by using a pattern matching and substitution methodology that gave users an illusion of understanding on the part of the program, but gave no response that could be considered really understanding what was being said by either party. Whereas the ELIZA program itself was written (originally) in MAD-SLIP, the pattern matching directives that contained most of its language capability were

period of reduced funding and interest in AI

1956 AI workshop

historical computer

1950 article by Alan Turing on artificial intelligence that introduced the Turing test

SHRDLU is an early natural-language understanding computer program that was developed by Terry Winograd at MIT in 1968–1970. In the program, the user carries on a conversation with the computer, moving objects, naming collections and querying the state of a simplified "blocks world", essentially a virtual box filled with different blocks.

computer program created in 1959

initiative by Japan to create computers using massively parallel computing and logic programming

artificial intelligence data structure used to divide knowledge into substructures by representing stereotyped situations

Computer Science research institute at MIT

general-purpose mobile robot

geopolitical narrative

ongoing theorised stock market bubble

artificial intelligence system for automated planning

computer program

MYCIN was an early backward chaining expert system that used black box to identify bacteria causing severe infections, such as bacteremia and meningitis, and to recommend antibiotics, with the dosage adjusted for patient's body weight — the name derived from the antibiotics themselves, as many antibiotics have the suffix "-mycin". The Mycin system was also used for the diagnosis of blood clotting diseases. MYCIN was developed over five or six years in the early 1970s at Stanford University. It was written in Lisp as the doctoral dissertation of Edward Shortliffe under the direction of Br

Dendral was a project in artificial intelligence (AI) of the 1960s, and the computer software expert system that it produced. Its primary aim was to study hypothesis formation and discovery in science. For that, a specific task in science was chosen: help organic chemists in identifying unknown organic molecules, by analyzing their mass spectra and using knowledge of chemistry. It was done at Stanford University by Edward Feigenbaum, Bruce G. Buchanan, Joshua Lederberg, and Carl Djerassi, along with a team of highly creative research associates and students. It began in 1964 and spans approxim

aspect of history

programming language

PARRY was an early example of a chatbot, implemented in 1972 by psychiatrist Kenneth Colby.

programming language

FreeHAL was a volunteer computing project to build a self-learning chatbot. This project is no longer active.

report by James Lighthill et al. that evaluated the state of artificial intelligence research in the 1970s

timeline

neural-net machine

The R1 (internally called XCON, for eXpert CONfigurer) program was a production-rule-based system written in OPS5 by John P. McDermott of Carnegie Mellon University in 1978 to assist in the ordering of DEC's VAX computer systems by automatically selecting the computer system components based on the customer's requirements.

toy problem in artificial intelligence research