History of Xinjiang

The Hephthalites or Ephthalites (), sometimes called the White Huns (also known as the White Hunas, in Iranian as the Spet Xyon and in Sanskrit and Prakrit as the Sveta-huna), were a people who lived in Central Asia during the 5th to 8th centuries CE, part of the larger group of Eastern Iranian Huns. They formed an empire, the Imperial Hephthalites, and were militarily important from 450 CE, when they defeated the Kidarites, to 560 CE, when combined forces from the First Turkic Khaganate and the Sasanian Empire defeated them. After 560 CE, they established "principalities" in the area of Tokha

thumb|300px|The region of the "seven rivers", only five of which still exist today Jetisu (, ), also known as Semirechye () and Heptopotamia, is a historical region in Central Asia corresponding to the southeastern part of modern Kazakhstan.

Iranian Saka Buddhist kingdom (56–1006)

ancient kingdom in modern China

referred to the regions west of Yumen Pass, most often Central Asia (e.g. Altishahr or the Tarim Basin in southern Xinjiang), ancient China (during the Han and Tang dynasties)

political and social Uyghur movement for the independence of Oriental Turkestan, in Xinjiang, autonomous province of China

Portuguese explorer and missionary

Confederation of Oirat tribes of Western Mongolia

thumb|Man of Gaochang (, [[Turfan) in Entrance of the foreign visitors (, 937–976 CE)]] Qocho or Kara-Khoja (), also known as Idiqut ("holy wealth"; "glory"; "lord of fortune"), was a Uyghur kingdom created in 843, with strong Chinese Buddhist and Tocharian influences. It was founded by refugees fleeing the destruction of the Uyghur Khaganate after being driven out by the Yenisei Kirghiz. They made their winter capital in Qocho (also called Gaochang or Qara-Khoja, near modern Turpan) and summer capital in Beshbalik (modern Jimsar County, also known as Tingzhou). Its population is referred to a

Feudal Turkic khanate within the Qing dynasty

Altishahr (, ) is a historical name for the Tarim Basin region used in the 18th and 19th centuries. The term means 'Six Cities' in Turkic languages, referring to oasis towns along the rim of the Tarim, including Kashgar, in what is now southern Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China.

aspect of Chinese history

mass extermination of the Mongol Dzungar people

series of conflicts between Dzungar Khanate and the Qing dynasty of China under Qianlong Emperor

thumb|upright=1.5|Loulan tomb mural, 220-420 CE. Loulan Museum Shanshan (; ) was a kingdom located at the north-eastern end of the Taklamakan Desert near the great, but now mostly dry, salt lake known as Lop Nur.

Religious and political leader (1626–1694)

region of Han dynasty suzerainty over previously independent states

Persian title

protectorate established by the Tang Dynasty in 640 to control the Tarim Basin

Uyghur historian and Mullah

military conflicts in Central Asia, 1635–1741

natural mummy from the talkaman desert

640–712 Chinese expansion into Central Asia

Tang dynasty military campaigns

The Dughlat clan (Mongolian: Dolood/sevens, Doloo/seven; Middle Mongolian: Doluga, Dolugad; Dulğat; ) was a Mongol (later Turko-Mongol) clan that served the Chagatai khans as hereditary vassal rulers of several cities in western Tarim Basin, in modern Xinjiang, from the 14th century until the 16th century. The most famous member of the clan, Mirza Muhammad Haidar, was a military adventurer, historian, and the ruler of Kashmir (1541–1551). His historical work, the Tarikh-i Rashidi, provides much of the information known about the family.

mummy

hui military commander and rebel from China

revolt led by Jahangir Khoja

aspect of 17th-century Central Asian history

military unit

Qamil or Kara Del was a kingdom that existed in Kumul or Hami, in present-day Xinjiang. It was founded by the Yuan prince Gunashiri, a descendant of Chagatai Khan, in the late 14th century (c. 1389), and ruled by the Chagatayids thereafter until 1463. From 1380s, it began to pay tribute to the Ming dynasty. From 1406, it was governed by Ming under the "Hami Guard" (); however, sometimes it was still under the influence of the Northern Yuan, and the ruler was called the Obedient King () under the Jimi system. It was destroyed in 1513 as a result of the wars between the Ming dynasty and the Oira

thumb|right|The lands of the Duolu were in the Ili River Basin Duolu (Wade–Giles: To-lu; 603–651 as a minimum) was a tribal confederation in the Western Turkic Khaganate (c. 581–659). The Türgesh Khaganate (699–766) may have been founded by Duolu remnants.

Tang dynasty administrative region on today Xinjiang

Chinese kingdom (108 BC - 450 AD)

Xinjiang as a province of the Qing Empire and as a region during the Qing Era of Chinese history

wool wall hanging in two fragments, 2nd century BC - 2nd century CE

historical process

king of Khotan during 912 to 966

Buddhist stupa located on the southern rim of the Taklamakan Desert in China

Xuastvanift is a Manichaean text written in the Uyghur language containing a prayer of repentance. The text is important for understanding the lives of Manichaean communities in the East and confirms many concepts found in other Manichaean, Christian, and Muslim writings. The name Xuastvanift comes from Uyghur and means "confession" or "repentance". This text was widely used by Uyghur Manichaeans and has been preserved in many manuscripts and fragments. It had a possible influence on Buddhist texts of the time.

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historical territories of the Manchu-led Qing empire

battle

18th-century uprising in China

Chinese military governor

Archeology site in Ruoqiang

battle

battle during major Han dynasty expedition against the Xiongnu (73 CE)

Uyghur leader

Russian politician (1837-1908)