Innovation economics

thumb|upright=0.7|alt=graphic of a lightbulb|A picture of an incandescent light bulb, a symbol associated with the formation of an [[idea, an example of creativity]]

thumb|Thomas Edison with [[phonograph in the late 1870s. Edison was one of the most prolific inventors in history, holding 1,093 U.S. patents in his name.]]

in economics, the linked processes of the accumulation and annihilation of wealth under capitalism

startup company valued at over $1 billion

theory

part of mainstream economics

collection and analysis of business and market information from multiple sources

graphical presentation of the maturity of specific technologies

model

early customer of a company, product, or technology

Leapfrogging is a concept used in many domains of the economics and business fields, and was originally developed in the area of industrial organization and economic growth. The main idea behind the concept of leapfrogging is that small and incremental innovations usually lead a dominant firm to stay ahead, but sometimes, radical innovations will permit new firms to leapfrog the ancient and dominant firm. The phenomenon can occur to firms but also to leadership of countries or cities, where a developing country can skip stages of the path taken by industrial nations, enabling them to catch up

type of policy

Commercialisation or commercialization is the process of introducing a new product or production method into commerce—making it available on the market. The term often connotes especially entry into the mass market (as opposed to entry into earlier niche markets), but it also includes a move from the laboratory into (even limited) commerce. Many technologies begin in a research and development laboratory or in an inventor's workshop and may not be practical for commercial use in their infancy (as prototypes). The "development" segment of the "research and development" spectrum requires time an

sociological model that describes the adoption or acceptance of a new product or innovation

Eco-innovation is the development of products and processes that contribute to sustainable development, applying the commercial application of knowledge to elicit direct or indirect ecological improvements. This includes a range of related ideas, from environmentally friendly technological advances to socially acceptable innovative paths towards sustainability. The field of research that seeks to explain how, why, and at what rate new "ecological" ideas and technology spread is called eco-innovation diffusion. thumb|A seat made from waste containing cartons, foams, and PET bottles

european Union security and defense fund

economic theory of innovation

stages of research and development, ascent, maturity, and decline of new technological innovations

mechanisms of allocating financial resources to research

interactions between the actors needed in order to turn an idea into a process, product, or service on the market

Theory of interactions between academia, industry, and government

type of project

policies related to technology support and development in a country

creative process of generating, developing, and communicating new ideas, comprising all stages of a thought cycle, from innovation, to development, to actualization

macroeconomic concept