Intelligence

thumb|upright=1.1|alt=Coin showing the owl of Athena|The owl of Athena, a symbol of knowledge in the Western world

thumb|upright=1.5|American students learning how to make and roll sushi

Intelligence () has been defined in many ways: the capacity for abstraction, logic, understanding, self-awareness, learning, emotional knowledge, reasoning, planning, creativity, critical thinking, and problem-solving. It can be described as the ability to perceive or infer information and to retain it as knowledge to be applied to adaptive behaviors within an environment or context.

Genius is a characteristic of original and exceptional insight in the performance of some art or endeavor that surpasses expectations, sets new standards for the future, establishes better methods of operation, or remains outside the capabilities of competitors. Genius is associated with intellectual ability and creative productivity. The term genius can also be used to refer to people characterised by genius, and/or to polymaths who excel across many subjects.

score from a test designed to assess intelligence

person who, at an early age, develops one or more skills at a level far beyond the norm for their age

thumb|Adriaen van Ostade, "Analysis" (1666)

thumb|Example of a stereotypical 'nerd' appearance - note the round glasses, braces, trousers pulled too high, and off-putting enthusiasm A nerd is a person seen as over-intellectual, obsessive, introverted, lacking social skills and socio-cultural intuition. Such a person may spend inordinate amounts of time on unpopular, little-known, or non-mainstream activities, which are generally either highly technical, abstract, or relating to niche topics such as science fiction or fantasy, to the exclusion of more mainstream activities. Additionally, many so-called nerds are described as being shy, q

thumb|right|300px|The intellect comprises the rational and the [[logical aspects of the human mind.]]

thumb|right|upright=1.2|This diagram shows the medieval understanding of celestial spheres|spheres of the [[cosmos, derived from Aristotle, and as per the standard explanation by Ptolemy. It came to be understood that at least the outermost sphere (marked "Primũ Mobile") has its own intellect, intelligence or nous – a cosmic equivalent to the human mind.]]

Intellectualism is the mental perspective that emphasizes the use, development, and exercise of the intellect, and is identified with the life of the mind of the intellectual. In the field of philosophy, the term intellectualism indicates one of two ways of critically thinking about the character of the world: (i) rationalism, which is knowledge derived solely from reason; and (ii) empiricism, which is knowledge derived solely from sense experience. Each intellectual approach attempts to eliminate fallacies that ignore, mistake, or distort evidence about "what ought to be" instead of "what is"

A superintelligence is a hypothetical agent that possesses intelligence surpassing that of the most gifted human minds. Philosopher Nick Bostrom defines superintelligence as "any intellect that greatly exceeds the cognitive performance of humans in virtually all domains of interest".

culturally valued knowledge communicated by a range of non-specialist media

In ancient Greek philosophy, '''''' () refers to the type of wisdom or intelligence concerned with practical action. It implies good judgment and excellence of character and habits. In Aristotelian ethics, the concept is distinguished from other words for wisdom and intellectual virtues (such as and ) because of its practical character.

thumb|upright=1.1|The Scholar and His Books by Gerbrand van den Eeckhout A scholar is a person who is a researcher or has expertise in an academic discipline. A scholar can also be an academic, who works as a professor, teacher, or researcher at a university. An academic usually holds an advanced degree or a terminal degree, such as a master's degree or a doctorate. Independent scholars and public intellectuals work outside the academy yet may publish in academic journals and participate in scholarly public discussion.

child who can beat an adult at chess

intellectual capacity of humans; intellectual prowess of humans, which is marked by high cognition, motivation, and self-awareness

intelligent extraterrestrial beings

knowledge that can be expressed in a declarative sentence or an indicative proposition

age relative to intellectual performance

Concept in education

Abilities are powers an agent has to perform various actions. They include common abilities, like walking, and rare abilities, like performing a double backflip. Abilities are intelligent powers: they are guided by the person's intention and executing them successfully results in an action, which is not true for all types of powers. They are closely related to but not identical with various other concepts, such as disposition, know-how, aptitude, talent, potential, and skill.

development of intelligence in humans and association with evolution of the brain and the origin of language

psychological theory

book by Marvin Minsky

REDIRECT Sexual identity#Sapiosexuality

theory of human intelligence formulated by Robert Sternberg

augmentation of intelligence through the use of information technology

intellectual capacity of cats

percent of variation in IQ scores in a given population associated with genetic variation

area of scientific research

nineteenth century hypothesis that males have a greater range of ability than females

cognitive ability theory

cognitive ability to analyze information

field of research

Neuroenhancement or cognitive enhancement is the experimental use of pharmacological or non-pharmacological methods intended to improve cognitive and affective abilities in healthy people who don't have any mental illness. Agents or methods of neuroenhancement are intended to affect cognitive, social, psychological, mood, or motor benefits beyond normal functioning.

adaptive behavior among bacteria and protists

personality trait reflecting the extent to which individuals are inclined towards effortful cognitive activities

written work by Lewis M. Terman