International business

corporation operating in multiple countries

foreign ownership of a controlling stake of a business

Offshoring is the relocation of a business process from one country to another—typically an operational process, such as manufacturing, or supporting processes, such as accounting. Usually this refers to a company business, although state governments may also employ offshoring. More recently, technical and administrative services have been offshored.

academic discipline

corporate tax avoidance tools

Friendshoring, or allyshoring, is the act of manufacturing and sourcing from countries that are geopolitical allies, such as members of the same trade bloc or military alliance. Some companies and governments have pursued friendshoring as a means to continue accessing international markets and supply chains while reducing geopolitical risks. However, friendshoring can also have downsides, including more expensive manufacturing and reduced economic output.

airline which has outsourced most operational and business functions

indirect sales process