International macroeconomics

rate at which one currency will be exchanged for another

Greek economist and politician

difference between the monetary value of exports and imports

concept in international economics

foreign ownership of a controlling stake of a business

money held by a central bank to pay debts, if needed

total debt a country owes to foreign creditors

two or more states sharing the same currency without them having any further integration

broad set of economic policies commonly prescribed by institutions based in Washington D.C. such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank

Revaluation is a change in a price of a good or product, or especially of a currency, in which case it is specifically an official rise of the value of the currency in relation to a foreign currency in a fixed exchange rate system. In contrast, a devaluation is an official reduction in the value of the currency. Under floating exchange rates, a rise in a currency's value is an appreciation. Altering the face value of a currency without changing its purchasing power is a redenomination, not a revaluation (this is typically accomplished by issuing a new currency with a different, usually lower,

concept in international economics

economic model

competition between nations to gain competitive advantage by manipulating monetary supply

economy favoring cross-border investment and commerce

1985 international agreement on fiscal policy

statement in international economics that that it is impossible to have at the same time a fixed foreign exchange rate, absence of capital controls, and an independent monetary policy

concept in international economics

Indexation is a technique to adjust income payments by means of a price index, in order to maintain the purchasing power of the public after inflation, while deindexation is the unwinding of indexation. It is often used to make sure regular payments, such as pension payments keep pace with inflation, so that they have the same value in real terms over time.

trade bloc with a common tariff and currency

economic concept

international spending or investment of a country's revenues from petroleum exports

observation on flow of capital

capital leaving a particular economy

economic action taken by a central bank

Problem in financial theory

Range of values for the exchange rate

right|thumb|300px|Graph of yen versus us dollar over time thumb|300px|Yen real effective exchange rate, peaks are endaka thumb|300px|Japanese official foreign currency holdings (1952-2007) thumb|300px|Japanese official foreign currency holdings (1996-2007) Endaka (, lit. yen expensive) or Endaka Fukyo (, lit. yen expensive recession) is a state in which the value of the Japanese yen is high compared to other currencies. Since the economy of Japan is highly dependent on exports, this can cause Japan to fall into an economic recession.

term given to describe the fact that individuals and institutions in most countries hold only modest amounts of foreign equity

Method of estimating size of economies

Economic Phenomenon

American journalist