Islam and secularism

Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was the last Shah of Iran from 1941 to 1979. He succeeded his father Reza Shah and ruled the Imperial State of Iran until he was overthrown in the Islamic Revolution led by Ruhollah Khomeini, which abolished the Iranian monarchy to establish the Islamic Republic of Iran. In 1967, he took the title Shahanshah, and held several others, including Aryamehr and Bozorg Arteshtaran. He was the second and last ruling monarch of the Pahlavi dynasty.

Pakistan-born Canadian Islamism critic and non-fiction writer

Relationship between Islam and Secularism

non-practicing Muslims who still identify with Islam

American nonprofit organization

Turkish theologian with anti-republican views (1869–1954)

thumb|Anti-hijab installation at a park in Malmö. Hijabophobia is a type of religious and cultural discrimination against Muslim women who wear the hijab. The discrimination has had manifestations in public, working and educational places.

Indian lawyer, historian and author (1930–2024)

Zindīq (pl. zanādiqa) is an Islamic pejorative applied to individuals who are considered to hold views or follow practices that are contrary to central Islamic dogma. Zandaqa is the noun describing these views.

Arab-Israeli model who resides in Dubai, UAE; Miss Israel 1999

Slogan coined by Nurcholish Madjid