Islam in the Ottoman Empire

The fourth and last Islamic caliphate (1517–1924)

Yamaks () were auxiliary troops of the army of the Ottoman Empire raised from the local Muslim population. Initially they were non-military members of Ottoman forces who in later periods of the empire evolved into newly recruited janissary troops and eventually became ill-trained and ill-paid garrison guards.

historical term for Balkan Muslims of any ethnic background

Fire in Constantinople in 1660

The Kadızadeli movement () was a seventeenth-century fundamentalist religious movement in the Ottoman Empire that followed Kadızade Mehmed (1582–1635), a revivalist Islamic preacher. Kadızade and his followers were determined rivals of Sufism and folk religion. They condemned many of the Ottoman practices that Kadızade felt were bid'ah or innovations, and passionately supported "reviving the beliefs and practices of the first Muslim generation in the 1st century AH" and "enjoining good and forbidding wrong."