Islamic terminology

thumbnail|right|A black misbaha A misbaha (), subḥa (), mesbah (Arabic: مِسْبَاَحْ) (Arabic and Urdu), tusbaḥ (Somali), tasbīḥ () (Iran, India, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Malaysia and Indonesia), or tespih (Turkish, Bosnian and Albanian) is a set of prayer beads often used by Muslims for the , the recitation of prayers (the ), as well as to glorify Allah. It resembles the japamala used in Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism, and Buddhism, or the rosary used in Catholicism. The Arab/Iranian/Turkish and their neighbors put a lot of care as to what materials are used, generally being g

Muhammad's Final Sermon

Islamic religious school or monastery

Shia Islamic Eid

essential aspect of cleanliness in Islam

alt=|thumb|379x379px|Gustave Doré, The Baptism of Infidels An infidel (literally "unfaithful") is a person who is accused of disbelief in the central tenets of one's own religion, such as members of another religion, or irreligious people.

calendar era, used with the Islamic calendar, counting the number of years since the Hijra (migration of Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina) in 622 CE

Barakah or Baraka ( "blessing") is a blessing power in Islam, a kind of continuity of spiritual presence and revelation that begins with God and flows through that and those closest to God.

A qāriʾ (, plural qurrāʾ) is a person who recites the Quran with the proper rules of recitation (tajwid). While in modern times the term refers primarily to professional reciters, historically the qurrāʾ represented an elite class of scholars and early Muslim settlers who played a pivotal role in the administration and political history of the early Rashidun Caliphate.

In Islam, '’iddah or iddat''''' (; "period of waiting") is the period a woman must observe after the death of her husband or after a divorce, during which she may not marry another man. One of its main purposes is to remove any doubt as to the paternity of a child born after the divorce or death of the prior husband.

Bayʿah (, "Pledge of allegiance"), in Islamic terminology, is an oath of allegiance to a leader. It is known to have been practiced by the Islamic prophet Muhammad. In Bedouin culture it was a procedure for choosing the leader of the tribe, and is sometimes taken under a written pact given on behalf of the subjects by leading members of the tribe with the understanding that as long as the leader abides by certain requirements towards his people, they are to maintain their allegiance to him. Bayʿah is still practiced in countries such as Saudi Arabia and Sudan. In Morocco, bayʿah is one of the

Takfir () is an Arabic and Islamic term which denotes excommunication from Islam of one Muslim by another, i.e. accusing another Muslim of being an apostate. The word is found neither in the Quran nor in the ḥadīth literature; instead, kufr ("unbelief") and kāfir ("unbeliever") and other terms employing the same triliteral root K-F-R appear.

one of the flags flown by Muhammad in Islamic tradition

thumb|A visual rendition of the Islamic model of the soul showing the position of "nafs" relative to other concepts, based on a consensus of 18 surveyed academic and religious experts Nafs () is an Arabic word occurring in the Quran, literally meaning "self", and has been translated as "psyche", "ego" or "soul". The term is cognate with the Hebrew word nephesh, נֶפֶשׁ. In the Quran, the word nafs is used in both the individualistic (verse 2:48) and collective sense (verse 4:1), indicating that although humanity is united in possessing the positive qualities of a nafs, they are individually res

Islamic concept of repenting to God (Allah) due to performing any sins and misdeeds

seven levels or divisions of the Heavens in religious or mythological cosmology

A Nizamiyya ( , from Arabic , short for , ) was a type of institution of higher education established by Nizam al-Mulk in the 11th century across regions of the Seljuk Empire (corresponding to greater Iranian cultural and political influence). The word Nizamiyya derives from Nizam al-Mulk's name. These Sunni theological schools are considered to have been models for later Islamic universities, or schools.

theory in Islamic legal exegesis

sacred tree in Islamic scripture, marking the boundary which no creation can pass

'Asabiyyah, or 'asabiyya (); is a concept of social solidarity with an emphasis on unity, group consciousness, and a sense of shared purpose and social cohesion, originally primarily used in the context of tribalism and clanism. In the modern period, it is generally analogous to solidarity. However, it can carry negative connotations due to its use in contexts of ethnic and linguistic nationalism or partisanship, i.e., loyalty to one's group regardless of circumstances.

part

The Unity of Being

Mawlā (; , plural mawālī ; ), is a polysemous Arabic word, whose meaning varied in different periods and contexts.

thumb|A visual rendition of the Islamic model of the soul showing the region of relative to other concepts based on a consensus of 18 surveyed academic and religious experts. ' or ' (; ALA-LC: ) is an Arabic word that means 'original disposition', 'natural constitution' or 'innate nature'. The concept somewhat resembles natural order in philosophy, although there are considerable differences as well. In Islam, is the innate human nature that recognizes the oneness of God (). It may entail either the state of purity and innocence in which Muslims believe all humans to be born, or the ability to

An imamzadeh () is a Persian term with two related meanings: a type of holy person in Shia Islam, and the shrine-tomb of such a person.

Royal treasury in old Islamic states

In Islam, '''''''''' () refers to the temporal world and its earthly concerns and possessions. In the Quran, "dunya" is often paired with the word "life" to underscore the temporary and fleeting nature of the life of this world, as opposed to the eternal realm of the afterlife, known as "akhirah".

Retaliatory compensation in Islamic law

Shiite seminary in Iran

A hawza () or ḥawzah ʿilmīyah () is the collective term (plural hawzat) for a madrasa (i.e. seminary) where Shi'a Muslim scholars are educated.

Naat ( and ) is poetry in praise of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad. The practice is popular in South Asia (Bangladesh, Pakistan and India), commonly in Bengali, Punjabi, or Urdu. People who recite Naat are known as Naat Khawan or sanaa-khuaan. Exclusive "Praise to Allah" and Allah alone is called Hamd, not to be confused with 'Na'at'.

rapid incursion into enemy territory in order to attack

' ( ), also called khula', is a procedure based on traditional jurisprudence, that allows a Muslim woman to initiate a divorce by returning the mahr and everything she received from him during their life together, or without returning anything, as agreed by the spouses or judge's decree, depending on the circumstances.

Muhammad, Fatima, and the Twelve Imams in Twelver Shia Islam

8th-century Islamic school of thought that considered the Quran and authentic hadith to be the only authority in matters of law and creed

thumb|10th of Muharram, 19th-century painting by Fausto Zonaro Tatbir () is a form of self-flagellation rituals practiced by some Shia Muslims in commemoration of the killing of Imam Husayn ibn Ali and his partisans in the Battle of Karbala by forces of the second Umayyad caliph Yazid I ().

thumb|The wooden maqsura in the Great Mosque of Kairouan ([[Tunisia) |alt=]] Maqsurah (, literally "closed-off space") is an enclosure, box, or wooden screen near the mihrab or the center of the qibla wall in a mosque. It was typically reserved for a Muslim ruler and his entourage, and was originally designed to shield him from potential assassins during prayer. The imam officiating inside the maqsurah typically belonged to the same school of law to which the ruler belonged.

thumb|A silsilah tablet in Yu Baba Gongbei (Islamic architecture)|Gongbei in [[Linxia City]]

ethics in Islam

'''''Shu'ubiyya''' () was a social, cultural, literary, and political movement within the Muslim world that sought to oppose the privileged status of Arabs and the Arabization of non-Arab civilizations amidst the early Muslim conquests, particularly under the Umayyad Caliphate. The vast majority of the Shu'ubis were Persian. It was first seriously studied by Hungarian scholar Ignaz Goldziher in the first volume of his work Muslim Studies''.

in some Abrahamic religions, a concept about the time between death and resurrection on the Day of Judgement

Sabr () (literally 'endurance' or more accurately 'perseverance' and 'persistence') is one of the two parts of faith (the other being shukr) in Islam. It teaches to remain spiritually steadfast and to keep doing good actions in the personal and collective domain, specifically when facing opposition or encountering problems, setbacks, or unexpected and unwanted results. It is patience in the face of all unexpected and unwanted outcomes.

thumb|Mushaf al-Tajwid, printed with colored letters to facilitate reading the Quran with [[tajwid.]]

male circumcision carried out as an Islamic rite

river in Paradise in Islam

the islamic prophet Muhammad and four members of his family

In Islamic law, tazir ('''''ta'zeer, ta'zir or ta’dhir''', lit. scolding, "to punish") refers to punishment for offenses at the discretion of the judge (Qadi) or ruler of the state. It is one of three major categories of punishments or sanctions under Islamic law (sharia, the other two or three being hadd, and qisas/diyya''). Contrary to the lightness implied in "scolding", these discretionary punishments can range from a warning from the judge to corporal punishment such as flogging, fines, imprisonment, exile, and in extreme cases execution.

Israiliyyat (in "Israelisms") is a sub-genre of tafsīr and Ḥadīth which supplements Quranic narratives. ''Isra'iliyyat may derive from Jewish, Christian or Zoroastrian sources. In the early years, Isra'iliyyat were widely accepted. Only by the time of Ibn Taymiyyah and Ibn Kathīr, the term Isra'iliyyat began to denote content considered dubious or as un-Islamic. In modern times, Turkish Quran commentators still allow for usage of Isra'iliyyat'', while they are rejected by half of the Arab Quran commentators.

Islamic doctrine mentioned in the Qur'an

A marsiya (; ) is an elegiac poem written to commemorate the martyrdom and valour of Hussain ibn Ali, his family, and his companions at the tragedy of Karbala. Marsiyas are essentially religious lamentations.

in Islamic eschatology, creature mentioned in the Quran (27:82) and associated with the day of judgment

Ziyara(h) ( ziyārah, "visit") or ziyarat (, ziyārat, "pilgrimage"; , "visit") is a form of pilgrimage to sites associated with the Islamic prophet Muhammad, his family members and descendants (including the Shī'ī Imāms), his companions and other venerated figures in Islam such as the prophets, Sufi auliya, and Islamic scholars. Sites of pilgrimage include mosques, maqams, battlefields, mountains, and caves.

in Shia Islam, the doctrine that a messianic figure (Mahdi) was born, has disappeared, and will one day return; according to Twelvers, this is the 12th Imam, going into Occultation in c. 874

The year of death of Muhammad's wife Khadija and uncle Abu Talib

The Succesors of the Succesors of the Sahaba

thumb|Muhammad ibn Muhammad Shakir Ruzmah-'i Nathani - A Soul Symbolized as an Angel Rūḥ or The Spirit (, al-rūḥ) is mentioned twenty one times in the Quran, where it is described as issuing from command of God. The spirit acts as an agent of divine action or communication.

In the Arabic language, tawakkul () is a verbal noun of the verb tawakkala (), meaning "to put trust" or "to rely" (into or on something or someone). It is also the word for the Islamic concept of the reliance on God or "trusting in God's plan". It is seen as "perfect trust in God and reliance on Him alone." It can also be referred to as God-consciousness. In fact, the Qur'an speaks of the fact that success is only achieved when trust is in God and the believer is steadfast and obeys God's commands. ==Etymology==

thumb|250px|A page of the Quran,16th century: "They would never produce its like not though they backed one another" written at the center. In Islam, ’i‘jāz () or ’Mujiza’() is the Arabic word for miracle or inimitability challenge of the Quran, the doctrine which holds that the Quran has a miraculous quality, both in content and in form, that no human speech can match. According to this doctrine the Quran is a miracle and its inimitability is the proof granted to Muhammad (The Prophet of Islam) in authentication of his prophetic status. It serves the dual purpose of proving the authenticity

thumb|right|218px|Urs of Islamic Naqshbandi saints of Allo Mahar is celebrated on 23 March every year Urs (from ‘Urs) or Urus (literal meaning wedding in Arabic), is the death anniversary of a Sufi saint, usually held at the saint's dargah (shrine or tomb). In most Sufi orders such as Naqshbandiyyah, Suhrawardiyya, Chishtiyya, Qadiriyya, etc. the concept of Urs exists and is celebrated with enthusiasm. The devotees refer to their saints as lovers of God, the beloved.

' (, ) or corruption of the Bible', is a term used by most Muslims to refer to believed alterations made to the previous revelations of God—specifically those that make up the Tawrat or Torah, the Zabur or Psalms, and the Injil or Gospel. The term can also refer to what Muslims consider to be the corrupted Jewish and Christian interpretations of the previous revelations of God, known as "Tahrif al-Mana". This concept holds that earlier revelations have been misinterpreted rather than textually altered.