Kinship and descent

thumb|The symbol for marriage, often used in genealogy

thumb|250px|International children in traditional clothing at Liberty Weekend

thumb|upright=1.3|A multi-generational extended family in [[Chaghcharan, Ghor Province, Afghanistan]]

upright=1.35|thumb|The family tree of Louis III, Duke of Württemberg (ruled 1568–1593) thumb|352x352px|The family tree of "the Landas", a 17th-century family

nonscientific human classification system primarily based on physical appearance

thumb|right|Two child sisters, the elder tending to the younger . thumb|The Game of Chess (1555) by Sofonisba Anguissola (It depicts her sisters Lucia (left), Minerva (right) and Europa (middle) Anguissola playing chess. The older woman is their maidservant.) thumb|The Artist's sister Danica Šantel by [[Henrika Šantel]] thumb|Three sisters from the Spencer family, .|211x211px A sister is a woman or a girl who shares parents or a parent with another individual; a female sibling. The male counterpart is a brother. Although the term typically refers to a familial relationship, it is sometimes use

A sibling is a relative that shares at least one parent with the other person. A male sibling is a brother, and a female sibling is a sister. A person with no siblings is an only child.

thumb|American band Jackson 5: Tito, Marlon, Michael, Jackie and Jermaine Jackson

alt=1929 photograph of United States Representative Charles A. Eaton and his nephew Rep. William R. Eaton.|thumb|United States Representative Charles Aubrey Eaton|Charles A. Eaton (right) and his nephew Rep. [[William R. Eaton (left)]] An uncle is usually defined as a male relative who is a sibling of a parent or married to a sibling of a parent, as well as the parent of the cousins. Uncles who are related by birth are second-degree relatives. The female counterpart of an uncle is an aunt, and the reciprocal relationship is that of a nephew or niece. The word comes from , the diminutive of avu

In genealogy and evolutionary biology, an ancestor, also known as a forefather, fore-elder, or a forebear, is a parent or (recursively) the parent of an antecedent (i.e., a grandparent, great-grandparent, great-great-grandparent and so forth). Ancestor is "any person from whom one is descended. In law, the person from whom an estate has been inherited."

thumb|upright=1.4|An aunt and her Niece and nephew|niece in Tigray, [[Ethiopia]] thumb|Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil (right) with her nephew Prince Pedro Augusto sitting on her lap. At left, Isabel's sister Princess Leopoldina holding her son Prince Augusto Leopoldo, c. 1868 An aunt is a female individual who is a sibling of a parent or married to a sibling of a parent(aunt-in-law). Aunts who are related by birth are second-degree relatives. Alternate terms include auntie or aunty.

civil status similar to marriage, most often independent of the gender of partners

A cousin is a relative who is the child of a parent's sibling; this is more specifically referred to as a first cousin. A parent of a first cousin is an aunt or uncle.

Ethnogenesis (; ) is the formation and development of an ethnic group. This can originate by group self-identification or by outside identification.

upright=1.3|right|thumb|One legal definition of degrees of consanguinity. The number next to each box in the table indicates the degree of relationship relative to the given person.

thumb|right|The passage of homozygous alleles through an inbred pedigree

kinship created as a result of someone's marriage with blood relatives of the other spouse

Patrilineality, also known as the male line, the spear side or agnatic kinship, is a common kinship system in which an individual's family membership derives from and is recorded through their father's lineage. It generally involves the inheritance of property, rights, names, or titles by persons related through male kin. This is distinguished from cognate kinship which is through any combination of lineages, and from matrilineality which is through the mother's lineage, also called the spindle side, the distaff side or enatic kinship.

gradual variation of the characteristics of a species along its territory

In Islam, a () is a family member with whom marriage would be considered permanently unlawful (haram). A woman does not need to wear hijab around her mahram or spouse, and an adult male mahram or husband may escort a woman on a journey, although an escort may not be obligatory.

{| class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size: 94%;" |Example of the spouse of one's sibling |- |style="border: none;" |

In ancient Greece, a phratry (, derived from ) was a group containing citizens in some city-states. Their existence is known in most Ionian cities and in Athens and it is thought that they existed elsewhere as well. Almost nothing is known about the functions and responsibilities of phratries outside Attica (the area around Athens). Within Athens, they played a prominent role in social and religious life, particularly in the major festival called the Apatouria. They played an important role in determining eligibility for Athenian citizenship and all citizens (with very few exceptions) and only

photography exhibition curated by Edward Steichen

line of ancestors and descendants of a person

rule applied to discriminate racially

concept in genealogy

thumb|290x290px|Elders from the teip, 1906. A teip ( "tape"; Chechen and , ; ) is a Chechen and Ingush tribal organization or clan, self-identified through descent from a common ancestor or geographic location. It is a sub-unit of the tukkhum and shahar. There are about 150 Chechen and 120 Ingush teips. Teips played an important role in the socioeconomic life of the Chechen and Ingush peoples before and during the Middle Ages, and continue to be an important cultural part to this day.

In the Hebrew Bible and Jewish religious law, a mamzer (, , "estranged person"; plural mamzerim) is a person who is born as the result of certain forbidden relationships or incest (as it is defined by the Bible), or the descendant of such a person. Mamzer status () is not synonymous with the traditional Western definition of illegitimacy, since it does not include children born to unmarried mothers.

concept in evolutionary psychology

noble house composed of descendants of a monarch's or aristocrat's younger children (cadets)

A cultural aspect of human societies in which sexual activity with relatives is forbidden

Filiation is the legal term for the recognized legal status of the relationship between family members, or more specifically the legal relationship between parent and child. As described by the Government of Quebec:

United Kingdom peer whose position is hereditary

Sippenhaft or Sippenhaftung (, kin liability) is a German term for the idea that a family or clan shares the responsibility for a crime or act committed by one of its members, justifying collective punishment. As a legal principle, it was derived from Germanic law in the Middle Ages, usually in the form of fines and compensations. It was adopted by Nazi Germany to justify the punishment of kin (relatives, spouse) for the offence of a family member. Punishment often involved imprisonment and execution, and was applied to relatives of the conspirators of the failed 1944 bomb plot to assassinate

Islamic breastfeeding

mathematical estimate of inbreeding

thumb|A father disowning his daughter in the 1913 film ''The Jew's Christmas'' Disownment occurs when a parent, sibling, or relative renounces or no longer accepts a child or relative as a family member. It might be due to actions perceived as reprehensible or lead to severe emotional consequences. Different from giving a child up for adoption, disownment is a social and interpersonal act and may take place later in the child's life, which means that the disowned child would have to make arrangements for future care. Among other things, it implies no responsibility for future care, making it s

family lineage system

measure of the degree of consanguinity (or biological relationship) between two individuals

family structures in Chinese culture

Laws of succession to the Russian throne

kinship system mainly known from Hawaii

In genealogy, a progenitor (rarer: primogenitor) is the founder (sometimes one that is legendary) of a family, line of descent, gens, clan, tribe, noble house, or ethnic group. Genealogy (commonly known as family history) understands a progenitor to be the earliest recorded ancestor of a consanguineous family group of descendants.

It is a specific form of phartry in which society is divided into two groups based on any principle such that there is a dual organization of the whole

relationship between the parents and godparents of a child in Latin Catholic culture

form of capital punishment in ancient China, Korea, and Vietnam, in which extended relatives of a person convicted of particularly serious crimes (treason, rebellion, etc.) would be executed together

relationship between siblings

Legal category in Russian SFSR

type of fostering allegiance formed during nursing by a non-biological mother

process whereby a man is recognised as the father of a child

kinship system used to define family

tradition of remembering ancestors (at least seven generations deep) among various Turkic people

Marumakkathayam was a system of matrilineal inheritance prevalent in regions of the Indian state of Kerala. It is similar to the Aliyasanthana system followed by the Bunt community in Karnataka.

legal provision for transference of legal parentage of an adult

blood relative in the direct line of descent

form of kinship that is based on neither consanguineal nor affinal ties

type of kinship system

kin of empress dowagers of China