Category
page 1Labor in Russia
katorga
thumb|350px|Removing of shackles, painting by Aleksander Sochaczewski (1843–1923)
Katorga (, ; from medieval and modern ; and Ottoman Turkish: , ) was a system of penal labor in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union (see Katorga labor in the Soviet Union).
immigration to Russia
foreign migration for permanent residency in Russia