Laboratory techniques

thumb|Crossed immunoelectrophoresis of 2 microlitres of normal human serum. The electrophoresis was performed in thin layers of agarose; the pictured gel is about 7x7 cm. The lower part is the first dimension gel without antibodies, where the serum was applied into the slot at the lower left. The upper part is the second dimension gel with Dako antibodies against human serum proteins. More than 50 major serum proteins can be named.

cell components

stepwise dilution of a substance in solution

genetic engineering method

thumb|An amplicon sequence template that has been prepared for amplification. The target sequence to be amplified is colored green. In molecular biology, an amplicon is a piece of DNA that is the source and/or product of amplification or replication events. It can be formed artificially, using various methods including polymerase chain reactions (PCR) or ligase chain reactions (LCR), or naturally through gene duplication. In this context, amplification refers to the production of one or more copies of a genetic fragment or target sequence, specifically the amplicon. As it refers to the product

chemical method

fast filtration technique

molecular biology technique for determining protein-nucleic acid interactions in vitro

solid phase extraction sampling technique that involves the use of a fiber coated with an extracting phase, that can be a liquid or a solid, which extracts different kinds of analytes from different kinds of media, that can be in liquid or gas phase

thumb|Cytometers are the instruments which count the blood cells in the common blood test.

type of PCR

isothermic nucleic acid amplification test technology

molecular biology method used to detect DNA fragmentation

analytical technique for protein identification

thumb|right|A sonicator at the Weizmann Institute of Science during sonicationSonication is the act of applying sound energy to agitate particles in a sample, for various purposes such as the extraction of multiple compounds from plants, microalgae, and seaweeds. Ultrasonic frequencies (> 20 kHz) are usually used, leading to the process also being known as ultrasonication or ultra-sonication.

Vargulin, also called Cypridinid luciferin, Cypridina luciferin, or Vargula luciferin, is the luciferin found in the ostracod Cypridina hilgendorfii, also named Vargula hilgendorfii. These bottom dwelling ostracods emit a light stream into water when disturbed presumably to deter predation. Vargulin is also used by the midshipman fish, Porichthys.

Molecular distillation is a type of short-path vacuum distillation, characterized by an extremely low vacuum pressure, 0.01 torr or below, which is performed using a molecular still

A microelectrode is an electrode used in electrophysiology either for recording neural signals or for the electrical stimulation of nervous tissue. They were first developed by Ida Hyde in 1921. Pulled glass pipettes with tip diameters of 0.5 μm or less are usually filled with 3 molars potassium chloride solution as the electrical conductor. When the tip penetrates a cell membrane the lipids in the membrane seal onto the glass, providing an excellent electrical connection between the tip and the interior of the cell, which is apparent because the microelectrode becomes electrically negative co

histological staining method

method of separating particles in a mixture

classification of particle sizes

method of DNA replication

method in analytical chemistry

Microphysiometry is the in vitro micro-measurement of the functions and activities of life or of living matter (as organs, tissues, or cells) and of the physical and chemical phenomena involved on a very small micrometer (μm) scale. The term microphysiometry emerged in the scientific literature at the end of the 1980s.

chemical compound

Fosmids are similar to cosmids but are based on the bacterial F-plasmid. The cloning vector is limited, as a host (usually E. coli) can only contain one fosmid molecule. Fosmids can hold DNA inserts of up to 40 kb in size; often the source of the insert is random genomic DNA. A fosmid library is prepared by extracting the genomic DNA from the target organism and cloning it into the fosmid vector. The ligation mix is then packaged into phage particles and the DNA is transfected into the bacterial host. Bacterial clones propagate the fosmid library. The low copy number offers higher stability t

compositional analysis of an ore, metal, or alloy

thumb|Immunocytochemistry labels individual proteins within cells, such as Tyrosine hydroxylase|TH (green) in the [[axons of sympathetic autonomic neurons.]]

FLAG-tag, or FLAG octapeptide, or FLAG epitope, is a peptide protein tag that can be added to a protein using recombinant DNA technology, having the sequence DYKDDDDK (where D=aspartic acid, Y=tyrosine, and K=lysine). It is one of the most specific tags and it is an artificial antigen to which specific, high affinity monoclonal antibodies have been developed and hence can be used for protein purification by affinity chromatography and also can be used for locating proteins within living cells. FLAG-tag has been used to separate recombinant, overexpressed protein from wild-type protein expresse

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semi-permeable membrane that transports certain dissolved ions, while blocking other ions or neutral molecules

technology in cultivation

molecular biology technique, method used to detect DNA-protein interactions

gas that has been turned into a liquid by cooling or compressing

thumb|A diaphonized mirror dory. The bones are dyed red and the cartilage is dyed blue. thumb|Diaphonized veiled chameleon. [[Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago.]] Diaphonization (or diaphonisation), also known as clearing and staining, is a staining technique used on animal specimens that first renders the body of the animal transparent by bathing it in trypsin, and then stains the bones and cartilage with various dyes, usually alizarin red and alcian blue.

analysis of biochemical processes and reactions in an individual cell

method of concentrating DNA

Electrochromatography is a chemical separation technique in analytical chemistry, biochemistry and molecular biology used to resolve and separate mostly large biomolecules such as proteins. It is a combination of size exclusion chromatography (gel filtration chromatography) and gel electrophoresis. These separation mechanisms operate essentially in superposition along the length of a gel filtration column to which an axial electric field gradient has been added. The molecules are separated by size due to the gel filtration mechanism and by electrophoretic mobility due to the gel electrophoresi

multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification

classification of ions in order of their ability to salt out or salt in proteins

use of polymerase chain reaction to amplify several different DNA

laboratory technique for handling chemicals while excluding air

A Kugelrohr (German for "ball tube") is a short-path vacuum distillation apparatus typically used to distill relatively small amounts of compounds with high boiling points (usually greater than 300 °C) under greatly reduced pressure.

separation technique to characterize the size of colloidal particles

chemistry technique

experimental tools for evaluation of chemotactic ability of cells

type of microscopy

technique for isolating and observing short-lived free radical molecules

a theoretical value, which is used in molecular biology

thumb|upright=2|Screenshot of a chromatogram inside the program "Sequencher" thumb|upright=3|Capillary Electrophoresis to Electropherogram process (Courtesy of www.biointeractive.org) thumb|300px|Generation of results

Analytical chemistry method

biotechnological procedure

microbiological method for quantification of microorganism growth

lipid analysis technique

technique for finding unknown DNA flanking known DNA

observation of the motion of individual particles within a medium