Late modern Europe

World War II, or the Second World War, was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies and the Axis powers. Nearly all of the world's countries participated. Tanks and aircraft played major roles, the latter enabling the strategic bombing of cities and delivery of the only nuclear weapons used in war. World War II was the deadliest conflict in history, causing the death of 60 to 75 million people. Millions died as a result of massacres, starvation, disease, and genocides, including the Holocaust. After the Allied victory, Germany, Austria, Japan, and Korea were occupied, and German and Japanese leaders were tried for war crimes.

transition to new manufacturing processes in Europe and the United States, in the 18th-19th centuries

European Eastern Military Alliance (1954 – 1991)

meeting of representatives of the major European powers in 1878

series of agreements between the United Kingdom and France about colonies in Africa, Siam (Thailand), Newfoundland, and New Hebrides (Vanuatu)

thumb|right| Adolf Hitler greets [[British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain at the beginning of the Bad Godesberg meeting on 24 September 1938 in which Hitler demanded annexation of Czech border areas without delay, leading to the Godesberg Memorandum.]]

alliance formed in 1920 and 1921 by Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia

thumb|upright=1.25|Józef Piłsudski's post-[[WWI Intermarium concept ranging from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Mediterranean and Black Seas in the south. In light green: eastern parts of Ukrainian and Belarusian lands incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1922]]

European balance of power in the 19th century

worldwide economic recession from 1873 to 1879

thumb|Equestrian portrait of Duke de Olivares|Equestrian portrait of the Count-Duke of Olivares by [[Diego Velázquez ()]]

congress in 1948

term for post-WWII European history

revolutions in Europe starting in 1820

' (), meaning Middle Europe', is one of the German terms for Central Europe. The term has acquired diverse cultural, political and historical connotations.

1815 alliance between Austria, Prussia, Russia, and the UK

period in the 1920s in Germany of healthy economic growth, coupled with an expansion of liberal values, and a spurt in experimental and creative efforts in the arts

result of the Bulgarian Revival

concept meant to describe a series of 19th and 20th century conflicts in Europe as segments of an overarching civil war within a supposed European society

periodization scheme encompassing European wars from 1914 to 1945

1818 alliance of European nations

historical period of renewal in Europe

scientific expedition to the North Atlantic, Scandinavian islands and arctic between 1838-1840

preponderance of a genetic disorder