Luwians

thumb|Lydian soldier (Old Persian cuneiform 𐎿𐎱𐎼𐎭, Sparda) of the [[Achaemenid army, Xerxes I tomb, .]] thumb|265px|Lydia , with the main settlements and Greek colonies.

The Luwians (also known as Luvians) were an ancient people in Anatolia who spoke the Luwian language. During the Bronze Age, Luwians formed part of the population of the Hittite Empire and adjoining states such as Kizzuwatna. During the Hittite New Kingdom, Luwian replaced Hittite as the empire's dominant language. In the early Iron Age, a number of Luwian-speaking Neo-Hittite states arose in northern Syria. The Luwians are known largely from their language, and it is unclear to what extent they formed a unified cultural or political group.

Tarḫuntašša ( and : ) was a Bronze Age city in south-central Anatolia (modern-day Turkey) mentioned in contemporary documents. Its location is unknown. The city was the capital of the Hittite Empire for a time and later became a regional power in its own right. The kingdom controlled by the city is known by the same name and its approximate borders are known from texts.

thumb|300px|Location of Caria within the classical regions of Asia Minor thumb|Carian soldier of the Achaemenid army . Tomb of [[Xerxes I.]] thumb|Ancient copy of the cult image of a local Hellenistic goddess as [[Aphrodite at Aphrodisias]] The Carians (; , Kares, plural of , Kar) were the ancient inhabitants of Caria in southwest Anatolia, who spoke the Carian language.

Lycians () is the name of various peoples who lived, at different times, in Lycia, a geopolitical area in Anatolia (also known as Asia Minor).

Ishikism ('), also known as Çinarism ('), is a new syncretic religious movement among Alevis who have developed an alternative understanding of Alevism and its history. These alternative interpretations and beliefs were inspired by Turkish writer Erdoğan Çınar with the publication of his book Aleviliğin Gizli Tarihi (The Secret History of Alevism) in 2004.