Mahmud II

30th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1808–1839)

Greek rebellion against the Ottoman Empire (1821–1829)

The '''''' (, , lit. 'Reorganization') was a period of reforms in the Ottoman Empire that began with the Edict of Gülhane of 1839 and ended with the First Constitutional Era in 1876. Driven by reformist statesmen such as Mustafa Reşid Pasha, Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha, and Fuad Pasha, under Sultans Abdul Mejid and Abdul Aziz, the reforms sought to reverse the empire's decline by modernizing legal, military, and administrative systems while promoting Ottomanism (equality for all subjects). Though secular courts, modern education, and infrastructure like railways, were introduced, the reforms faced r

1828–1829 part of the Russo-Turkish wars

early 19th century events in the history of Serbia

Valide Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1808 to 1817

conflict of 1811-1818

Disbandment of the Ottoman Janissary Corps

former currency of Algeria

reforms in the military of the Ottoman Empire