Manchu language

Tungusic language originating from Northeast China

Tungusic language spoken by members of the Xibe ethnic group in Xinjiang, China

alphabet based on Mongolian alphabet

The Nogŏltae ('Old Cathayan') is a textbook of colloquial northern Chinese published in Korea in several editions from the 14th to 18th centuries. The book is an important source on both Late Middle Korean and the history of Mandarin Chinese. Later editions were translated into Manchu and Mongolian.