Medieval Apulia

short-lived Islamic state in Apulia ruled by non-Arabs from ca. 847 until 871

Norman country

Longobardia (, also variously Λογγιβαρδία, Longibardia and Λαγουβαρδία, Lagoubardia) was a Byzantine term for the territories controlled by the Lombards in the Italian Peninsula. In the ninth and tenth centuries, it was also the name of a Byzantine military-civilian province (or thema) known as the Theme of Longobardia located in southeastern Italy.

1068-71 battle of the Byzantine-Norman Wars

1018 battle during the Norman conquest of Italy

settlement of Lucera by the Muslim population of Sicily, enacted by Frederick II and lasting from 1220 to 1300

synod

former country in Europe