Medieval politics

famines, plagues, political instabilities and religious upheavals in 14–15th century Europe

thumb|280px|Henry IV proclaims the 1103 Landfrieden in Mainz, painting by [[Hermann Wislicenus, Imperial Palace of Goslar ()]] Under the law of the Holy Roman Empire, a Landfrieden or Landfriede (Latin: constitutio pacis, pax instituta or pax jurata, variously translated as "land peace", or "public peace") was a contractual waiver of the use of legitimate force, by rulers of specified territories, to assert their own legal claims. This especially affected the right of feuding.

government that travels from place to place

type of association

a problem arising when multiple people claim the title of emperor

government of Medieval and Renaissance Florence

thumb|upright=1.5|The Upstalsboom by , 1921 During the Frisian freedom period, the Upstalsboom ( or ), also known as the Opstalsbam, was an assembly for emissaries of the Seven Sealands of medieval Frisia, located just outside the East Frisian town of Aurich () in modern-day Germany. The origins of the Upstalsboom, including its name, are unclear, but as far back as the 8th century the meeting place was used as a burial ground for the members of important Frisian families.

Christian terminology

In the early Middle Ages, a '''''' (Latin for "plea") was a public judicial assembly. origins can be traced to military gatherings in the Frankish kingdoms in the seventh century. After the Frankish conquest of Italy in 774, were introduced before the end of the eighth century. Also known as "Marchfields" or "Mayfields" (based on the month of the gathering), early meetings were used as planning sessions for military expeditions.

work by Thomas Aquinas