Membrane technology

thumb|400px|right|The process of osmosis over a semipermeable membrane. The blue dots represent particles driving the osmotic gradient. Osmosis (, ) is the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a selectively permeable membrane from a region of high water potential (region of lower solute concentration) to a region of low water potential (region of higher solute concentration), in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides. It may also be used to describe a physical process in which any solvent moves across a selectively permeable membrane (p

removal of nitrogenous waste and toxins from the body in place of or to augment the kidney

Hemodialysis, also spelled haemodialysis, or simply dialysis, is a process of filtering the blood of a person whose kidneys are not working normally. This type of dialysis achieves the extracorporeal removal of waste products such as creatinine and urea and free water from the blood when the kidneys are in a state of kidney failure. Hemodialysis is one of three renal replacement therapies (the other two being kidney transplant and peritoneal dialysis). An alternative method for extracorporeal separation of blood components such as plasma or cells is apheresis.

extracorporeal technique of providing both cardiac and respiratory support

water purification process

membrane which will allow certain molecules or ions to pass through it by diffusion

upright|thumb|150px|Schematic of size-based membrane exclusion

energy available from the difference in the salt concentration between seawater and river water

Ultrafiltration (UF) is a variety of membrane filtration in which forces such as pressure or concentration gradients lead to a separation through a semipermeable membrane. Suspended solids and solutes of high molecular weight are retained in the so-called retentate, while water and low molecular weight solutes pass through the membrane in the permeate (filtrate). This separation process is used in industry and research for purifying and concentrating macromolecular (103–106 Da) solutions, especially protein solutions.

process of separating molecules in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion through a semipermeable membrane, such as dialysis tubing

Microfiltration is a type of physical filtration process where a contaminated fluid is passed through a special pore-sized membrane filter to separate microorganisms and suspended particles from process liquid. It is commonly used in conjunction with various other separation processes such as ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis to provide a product stream which is free of undesired contaminants.

a kidney other than the natural organ

Nuclear Economy Process

thumb|Process diagram nanofiltration Nanofiltration is a membrane filtration process that uses nanometer sized pores through which particles smaller than about 1–10 nanometers pass through the membrane. Nanofiltration membranes have pore sizes of about 1–10 nanometers, smaller than those used in microfiltration and ultrafiltration, but a slightly bigger than those in reverse osmosis. Membranes used are predominantly polymer thin films. It is used to soften, disinfect, and remove impurities from water, and to purify or separate chemicals such as pharmaceuticals.

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ion-exchange membrane specific for protons

combination of a membrane process with a biological wastewater treatment process

synthetically created membrane which is usually intended for separation purposes in laboratory or in industry

Pervaporation (or pervaporative separation) is a processing method for the separation of mixtures of liquids by partial vaporization through a non-porous or porous membrane.

thumb|A LifeStraw thumb|Use of LifeStraw LifeStraw is a brand of water filtration and purification devices. The original LifeStraw was designed as a portable water filter "straw". It filters a maximum of 4,000 litres of water, and enough for one person for three years. It removes almost all waterborne bacteria, microplastics and germs. A bottle was later developed which incorporated a LifeStraw cartridge into a BPA-free plastic sports water bottle. In addition to these portable filters, the manufacturer produces high-volume purifiers powered by gravity that also remove viruses. These are desig

engineering approaches for the transport of substances between two fractions with the help of permeable membranes; mechanical separation processes for separating gaseous or liquid streams use membrane technology.

water purification process

filtration technique

Nafion is a brand name for a sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene based fluoropolymer-copolymer synthesized in 1962 by Dr. Donald J. Connolly at the DuPont Experimental Station in Wilmington Delaware . Additional work on the polymer family was performed in the late 1960s by Dr. Walther Grot of DuPont. Nafion is a brand of the Chemours company. It is the first of a class of synthetic polymers with ionic properties that are called ionomers. Nafion's unique ionic properties are a result of incorporating perfluorovinyl ether groups terminated with sulfonate groups onto a tetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) backb

Hemofiltration, also haemofiltration, is a renal replacement therapy which is used in the intensive care setting. It is usually used to treat acute kidney injury (AKI), but may be of benefit in multiple organ dysfunction syndrome or sepsis. During hemofiltration, a patient's blood is passed through a set of tubing (a filtration circuit) via a machine to a semipermeable membrane (the filter) where waste products and water (collectively called ultrafiltrate) are removed by convection. Replacement fluid is added and the blood is returned to the patient.

part of a PEM fuel cell

thumbnail|Microdialysis probes manufactured by CMA Microdialysis AB, Kista, Sweden

thumb|400px|Diagram of a diafiltration device Diafiltration is a dilution process that involves removal or separation of components (permeable molecules like salts, small proteins, solvents etc.,) of a solution based on their molecular size by using micro-molecule permeable filters in order to obtain pure solution.

physical device that combines a chemical conversion process with a membrane separation process to add reactants or remove products of the reaction

detoxification treatment for liver failure

Norwegian power plant

hypothetical devices to allow a human to take in oxygen from surrounding water

permeable membrane placed between the anode and cathode of an electrochemical cell

used in liquid filtration