Metabolic pathways

thumb|400px|class=skin-invert-image|Summary of aerobic respirationGlycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose () into pyruvate and, in most organisms, occurs in the liquid part of cells (the cytosol). The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy molecules adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). Glycolysis is a sequence of ten reactions catalyzed by enzymes. thumb|375x375px|Summary of the 10 reactions of the glycolysis pathway

metabolic pathway

Gluconeogenesis (GNG) is a metabolic pathway that results in the biosynthesis of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon substrates. It is a ubiquitous process, present in plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, and other microorganisms. In vertebrates, gluconeogenesis occurs mainly in the liver and, to a lesser extent, in the cortex of the kidneys. It is one of two primary mechanisms – the other being degradation of glycogen (glycogenolysis) – used by humans and many other animals to maintain blood sugar levels, avoiding low levels (hypoglycemia). In ruminants, because dietary carbohydrates te

catabolic process by which fatty acids are broken down in the cytosol (in prokaryotes)/mitochondria (in eukaryotes) to generate acetyl-CoA (which enters the citric acid cycle) and NADH and FADH₂ (used in the electron transport chain)

the metabolic pathway where lactic acid produced in the muscles is converted into glucose in the liver

series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell

Glycogenesis is the process of glycogen synthesis or the process of converting glucose into glycogen in which glucose molecules are added to chains of glycogen for storage. This process is activated during rest periods following the Cori cycle, in the liver, and also activated by insulin in response to high glucose levels.

modification of the TCA cycle occurring in some plants and microorganisms, in which isocitrate is cleaved to glyoxylate and succinate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isopentenyl diphosphate, via the intermediate mevalonate. This pathway converts acetate, in the form of acetyl-CoA, to isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP), the fundamental unit in isoprenoid

metabolic process

conversion of carbon from CO2 to organic compounds

metabolic pathway for carbon fixation in photosynthesis

series of reactions in which amino groups and carbons from muscle are transported to the liver

metabolic pathway

pathway leading to the fixation of two molecules of CO2 and the production of one molecule of acetyl-CoA; essentially the oxidative TCA cycle running in reverse. Acetyl-CoA is reductively carboxylated to pyruvate, from which all other central metab

cellular carbohydrate catabolic process that converts a carbohydrate to pyruvate and either glyceraldehyde or glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate by dehydration and aldol cleavage via a gluconate or 6-phosphogluconate intermediate.

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isopentenyl diphosphate by the mevalonate-independent pathway. Isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) is the fundamental unit in isoprenoid biosynthesis and is biosynthesized from pyruvate and

The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine nucleotides

metabolic pathway by which 3-methyl branched fatty acids are degraded. These compounds are not degraded by the normal peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway, because the 3-methyl blocks the dehydrogenation of the hydroxyl group by hydroxyacyl-CoA dehyd

metabolic pathway for the catabolism of D-galactose

set of biochemical reactions used by some bacteria

metabolic pathway leading to the production of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

chemical compound

autotrophic carbon dioxide fixation pathway by which two molecules of carbon dioxide are fixed to form glyoxylate. Acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) is assumed to be converted to malate, and two CO2 molecules are thereby fixed. Malyl-CoA is thought t

series of interconnected biochemical reactions

alternate ethanol oxidizing system in human metabolism

series of interconnected biochemical reactions

Fructolysis refers to the metabolism of fructose from dietary sources. Though the metabolism of glucose through glycolysis uses many of the same enzymes and intermediate structures as those in fructolysis, the two sugars have very different metabolic fates in human metabolism. Under one percent of ingested fructose is directly converted to plasma triglyceride. 29% - 54% of fructose is converted in the liver to glucose, and about a quarter of fructose is converted to lactate. 15% - 18% is converted to glycogen. Glucose and lactate are then used normally as energy to fuel cells all over the body

Chemical reaction making 2,3-BPG

protein metabolic pathway