Monosaccharides

Monosaccharides (from Greek monos: single, sacchar: sugar), also called simple sugars, are a class of organic compounds usually with the formula (CH2O)x. By definition they have two or more carbon-carbon bonds. More specifically, they are classified as polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones with the respective formulas or respectively. Monosaccharides can be classified by the number x of carbon atoms they contain: triose (3), tetrose (4), pentose (5), hexose (6), heptose (7), and so on.

In chemistry, a hexose is a monosaccharide (simple sugar) with six carbon atoms. The chemical formula for all hexoses is , and their molecular weight is 180.156 g/mol.

any of the N-acylneuraminic acids and their esters and other derivatives of the alcoholic hydroxy groups

Glucuronolactone or Glucurolactone (INN) is a naturally occurring substance that is an important structural component of nearly all connective tissues. It is sometimes used in energy drinks. Unfounded claims that glucuronolactone can be used to reduce "brain fog" are based on research conducted on energy drinks that contain other active ingredients that have been shown to improve cognitive function, such as caffeine. Glucuronolactone is also found in many plant gums.

chemical compound

chemical compound

chemical compound

thumb|Glycolaldehyde is the only diose A diose is a monosaccharide containing two carbon atoms. Because the general chemical formula of an unmodified monosaccharide is (C·H2O)n, where n is three or greater, it does not meet the formal definition of a monosaccharide. However, since it does fit the formula (C·H2O)n, it is sometimes thought of as the most basic sugar.

chemical compound

An octose is a monosaccharide containing eight carbon atoms. Lincomycin contains the octose methylthiolincosamide.

chemical compound

A nonose is a monosaccharide with nine carbons.

300px|right|thumb|The β-D-glucopyranosyl group which is obtained by the removal of the hemiacetal hydroxyl group (bottom right) from β-D-glucopyranose

edible mixture of glucose and fructose, obtained from sucrose hydrolysis

chemical compound

Levoglucosan (C6H10O5) is an organic compound with a six-carbon ring structure formed from the pyrolysis of carbohydrates, such as starch and cellulose. As a result, levoglucosan is often used as a chemical tracer for biomass burning in atmospheric chemistry studies, particularly with respect to airborne particulate matter. Along with other tracers such as potassium, oxalate, and gaseous acetonitrile, levoglucosan has been shown to be highly correlated with regional fires. This is because the gas emitted by the pyrolysis of wood (biomass) contains significant amounts of levoglucosan.

chemical compound

chemical compound

detection reaction

Cladinose is a hexose deoxy sugar that in several antibiotics (such as erythromycin) is attached to the macrolide ring.

Sulfoquinovose, also known as 6-sulfoquinovose and 6-deoxy-6-sulfo-D-glucopyranose, is a monosaccharide sugar that is found as a building block in the sulfolipid sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol (SQDG). Sulfoquinovose is a sulfonic acid derivative of glucose, the sulfonic acid group is introduced into the sugar by the enzyme UDP-sulfoquinovose synthase (SQD1). Sulfoquinovose is degraded through a metabolic process termed sulfoglycolysis. The half-life for mutarotation of sulfoquinovose at pD 7.5 and 26C is 299 minutes.

Glucal is the glycal formed from glucose. It is a chemical intermediate in the synthesis of a variety of oligosaccharides.

Mannosulfan (INN) is an alkylating agent with the potential for the treatment of cancer. It is not approved by the United States FDA for cancer treatment. Research suggests it is less toxic than the alkyl sulfonate Busulfan.

chemical compound

Saccharification is a term in biochemistry for denoting any chemical change wherein a monosaccharide molecule remains intact after becoming unbound from another saccharide. For example, when a carbohydrate is broken into its component sugar molecules by hydrolysis (e.g., sucrose being broken down into glucose and fructose).

Xylosan (1,4-anhydro-α-D-xylopyranose) is a molecule produced during pyrolysis of the hemicellulose found in wood. Xylosan is the dehydrated product of the 5-carbon xylose sugar monomer, a major component of hemicellulose.