Neanderthals

Neanderthals ( ; Homo neanderthalensis or sometimes Homo sapiens neanderthalensis) are an extinct group of archaic humans who inhabited Europe and Western and Central Asia during the Middle to Late Pleistocene. Neanderthal extinction occurred roughly 40,000 years ago with the immigration of modern humans (Cro-Magnons), but Neanderthals in Gibraltar may have persisted for thousands of years longer.

The Mousterian (or Mode III) is an archaeological industry of stone tools, associated primarily with the Neanderthals in Europe, and with the earliest anatomically modern humans in North Africa and West Asia. The Mousterian largely defines the latter part of the Middle Paleolithic, the middle of the West Eurasian Old Stone Age. It lasted roughly from 160,000 to 40,000 BP. If its predecessor, known as Levallois or Levallois–Mousterian, is included, the range is extended to include as early as  300,000–200,000 BP. The main following period is the Aurignacian (c. 43,000–28,000 BP)

archaeological site

distinctive type of stone knapping technique used by ancient humans

alleged bone flute found in Divje Babe Cave

mountain range in Spain

effort to sequence the Neanderthal genome

museum in Mettmann, Germany

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German anatomist (1816–1893)

Taurodontism is defined as the enlargement of pulp chambers with the furcation area being displaced toward the apex of the root of a tooth. It cannot be diagnosed clinically and requires radiographic visualization since the crown of a taurodontic tooth appears normal and its distinguishing features are present below the alveolar margin. Taurodontism can present in deciduous or permanent dentition, unilaterally or bilaterally, but is most common in the permanent molar teeth of humans. The underlying mechanism of taurodontism is the failure or late invagination of Hertwig's epithelial root sheat

causes and mechanism of the extinction of the Neanderthal people

museum in Kermanshah, Iran

thumb|270px|The Islamabad-e Gharb Plain near Wezmeh Cave Wezmeh Cave is an archaeological site near Islamabad Gharb, western Iran, around southwest of the capital Tehran. The site was discovered in 1999 and excavated in 2001 by a team of Iranian archaeologists under the leadership of Kamyar Abdi. Wezmeh cave was re-excavated by a team under direction of Fereidoun Biglari in 2019.

genetic study of Neanderthal DNA

2014 non-fiction work by Svante Pääbo

Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician (LRJ) is a European Upper Palaeolithic culture or technocomplex (industry) dating to the Initial Upper Palaeolithic, about 45,000 years ago. It is characterised by leaf points made on long blades, which were traditionally thought to have been made by the last Neanderthals, although more recently it has been recognised as having been produced by among the first anatomically modern humans in Europe. It is rarely found, but extends across northwest Europe from Wales to Poland.

Flint artifact

cave in France