Neuropsychology

Malnutrition occurs when an organism gets too few or too many nutrients, resulting in health problems. Specifically, it is a deficiency, excess, or imbalance of energy, protein and other nutrients which adversely affects the body's tissues and form.

thumb|right|Taste bud

state of low mood and aversion to activity

thumb|The Hunger March sculptures in [[Copenhagen]]

group of psychic characters and processes that are reflected in behaviour, even though not shown in the conciousness

phenomenon

Neuropsychology is a branch of psychology concerned with how a person's cognition and behavior are related to the brain and the rest of the nervous system. Professionals in this branch of psychology focus on how injuries or illnesses of the brain affect cognitive and behavioral functions.

personality trait characterized by a person's striving for flawlessness and setting high performance standards

Soviet psychologist (1902–1977)

field of scientific study; the application of the principles of biology to the study of physiological, genetic, and developmental mechanisms of behavior in humans and other animals

set of cognitive processes that are necessary for the cognitive control of behavior

Psychophysiology (from Greek , psȳkhē, "breath, life, soul"; , physis, "nature, origin"; and , -logia) is the branch of psychology that is concerned with the physiological bases of psychological processes. While psychophysiology was a general, broad field of research in the 1960s and 1970s, it has now become quite specialized, based on methods, topic of studies, and scientific traditions. Methods vary as combinations of electrophysiological methods (such as EEG), neuroimaging (MRI, PET), and neurochemistry. Topics have branched into subspecializations such as social, sport, cognitive, cardiova

form of brain stimulation using magnetic fields

personality trait characterized by high sensory processing sensitivity

Arousal is the physiological and psychological state of being awoken or of sense organs stimulated to a point of perception. It involves activation of the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) in the brain, which mediates wakefulness, the autonomic nervous system, and the endocrine system, leading to increased heart rate and blood pressure and a condition of sensory alertness, desire, mobility, and reactivity.

group of neural structures responsible for positive emotions

ability to perform more than one activity at the same time

strategies of information processing and ordering of knowledge

sensation experienced when one feels the physiological need to eat food

thumb|470x470px|Neurofeedback training process diagram

thumb| Researchers are looking to neuroscience for answers behind why the human brain finds artistic works like DaVinci's [[Mona Lisa so alluring.]]

hypothetical means by which memory traces are stored

tendency for cognitive processes to be specialized to one side of the brain or the other

Akinetopsia (from Greek akinesia 'absence of movement' and opsis 'seeing'), also known as cerebral akinetopsia or motion blindness, is an extremely rare neuropsychological disorder, having only been documented in a handful of medical cases, in which a patient cannot perceive motion in their visual field, despite being able to see stationary objects without issue. The syndrome is the result of damage to visual area V5, whose cells are specialized to detect directional visual motion. There are varying degrees of akinetopsia: from seeing motion as frames of a cinema reel to an inability to discri

pattern of neural oscillation in humans with a frequency between 25 and 140 Hz

type of aphasia

interdisciplinary field

electrical potential evoked in the nervous system

in classical conditioning, the observation that a familiar stimulus takes longer to acquire meaning than a new stimulus

component in a sequence of stimuli

theory of human visual attention

mental ability to switch between thinking about two different concepts, and to think about multiple concepts simultaneously

sub-field of neuropsychology concerned with the applied science of brain-behaviour relationships

Hemispherectomy is a surgery that is performed by a neurosurgeon where an unhealthy hemisphere of the brain is disconnected or removed. There are two types: Functional hemispherectomy refers to a simple surgical disconnection of the diseased hemisphere so that it can no longer send signals to the rest of the brain and body. Anatomical hemispherectomy refers to actual physical removal of the diseased hemisphere from the skull. This surgery is mostly used as a treatment for medically intractable epilepsy, which is the term used when anti-seizure medications are unable to control seizures.

study of the neural mechanisms of emotion

Allochiria is a neurological disorder in which the patient responds to stimuli presented to one side of their body as if the stimuli had been presented at the opposite side. It is associated with spatial transpositions, usually symmetrical, of stimuli from one side of the body (or of the space) to the opposite one. Thus a touch to the left side of the body will be reported as a touch to the right side, which is also known as somatosensory allochiria. If the auditory or visual senses are affected, sounds (a person's voice for instance) will be reported as being heard on the opposite side to tha

Satiety ( ) is a state or condition of fullness gratified beyond the point of satisfaction, the opposite of hunger. Following satiation (meal termination), satiety is a feeling of fullness lasting until the next meal. When food is present in the GI tract after a meal, satiety signals overrule hunger signals, but satiety slowly fades as hunger increases.

theory developed by Stephen Grossberg and Gail Carpenter on aspects of how the brain processes information

study of emotion or feeling of emotion

branch of cognitive psychology

program of regular activities purported to maintain or improve one's cognitive abilities

hypothesis

intellectual capacity of cats

thumb|Human karyogram Neurogenetics studies the role of genetics in the development and function of the nervous system. It considers neural characteristics as phenotypes (i.e. manifestations, measurable or not, of the genetic make-up of an individual), and is mainly based on the observation that the nervous systems of individuals, even of those belonging to the same species, may not be identical. As the name implies, it draws aspects from both the studies of neuroscience and genetics, focusing in particular how the genetic code an organism carries affects its expressed traits. Mutations in thi

effect of stimulating physical and social surroundings on the brain

diagnostic procedure

Neuropsychopharmacology, an interdisciplinary science related to psychopharmacology (study of effects of drugs on the mind) and fundamental neuroscience, is the study of the neural mechanisms that drugs act upon to influence behavior. It entails research of mechanisms of neuropathology, pharmacodynamics (drug action), psychiatric illness, and states of consciousness. These studies are instigated at the detailed level involving neurotransmission/receptor activity, bio-chemical processes, and neural circuitry. Neuropsychopharmacology supersedes psychopharmacology in the areas of "how" and "why",

difficulty with accessing executive functions such as organization, planning ahead, and self-monitoring

Neurophenomenology refers to a scientific research program aimed at addressing the hard problem of consciousness in a pragmatic way. It combines neuroscience with phenomenology to study experience, mind, and consciousness with an emphasis on the embodied condition of the human mind. The field is very much linked to fields such as neuropsychology, neuroanthropology,and behavioral neuroscience (also known as biopsychology) and the study of phenomenology in psychology.

personal, emotional response that is immediate, overwhelming, and out of measure with the actual stimulus because it has triggered a much more significant emotional threat

thumb|right|Example of associations between graphemes and colors that are described more accurately as ideasthesia than as synesthesia Ideasthesia (alternative spelling ideaesthesia) is a neuropsychological phenomenon in which activations of concepts (inducers) evoke perception-like sensory experiences (concurrents). The name comes from the Ancient Greek () and (), meaning 'sensing concepts' or 'sensing ideas'. The notion was introduced by neuroscientist Danko Nikolić, but can be seen in examples in the Ethics of Spinoza (especially in the third part of the Ethics), as an alternative explanati

state or quality by which an item stands out from its neighbors

psychological term

Enactivism is a position in cognitive science that argues that cognition arises through interaction between an acting organism and its environment. It claims that the environment of an organism is brought about, or enacted, by the active exercise of that organism's sensorimotor processes. "The key point, then, is that the species brings forth and specifies its own domain of problems ...this domain does not exist "out there" in an environment that acts as a landing pad for organisms that somehow drop or parachute into the world. Instead, living beings and their environments stand in relation to

The drive to eat for pleasure rather than sustenance

therapy to regain or improve neurocognitive function that has been lost or diminished

meditation and its effect on brain activity

neural, cognitive, and behavioral effects of physical exercise

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