Non-Darwinian evolution

English biologist and paleontologist (1804–1892)

thumb|upright=1.8|Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lamarck argued, as part of his theory of [[heredity, that a blacksmith's sons inherit the strong muscles the blacksmith acquires from his work.]] Lamarckism, also known as Lamarckian inheritance or neo-Lamarckism, is the notion that an organism can pass on to its offspring physical characteristics that the parent organism acquired through use or disuse during its lifetime. It is also called the inheritance of acquired characteristics or more recently soft inheritance. The idea is named after the French zoologist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744–1829), who inc

American philosopher

thumb|Evolutionary progress as a tree of life (biology)|tree of life. [[Ernst Haeckel, 1866]] thumb|upright=1.4|Lamarck's two-factor theory involves 1) a complexifying force that drives animal body plans towards higher levels (orthogenesis) creating a ladder of phyla, and 2) an adaptive force that causes animals with a given body plan to adapt to circumstances (use and disuse, [[inheritance of acquired characteristics), creating a diversity of species and genera. Popular views of Lamarckism only consider an aspect of the adaptive force.]] Orthogenesis is an obsolete biological hypothesis that

thumb|upright=1.35 |Trofim Lysenko speaking at the Kremlin in 1935; behind him are (left to right) [[Stanislav Kosior, Anastas Mikoyan, Andrei Andreev and Joseph Stalin]] Lysenkoism was a pseudoscientific political campaign led by the Soviet biologist Trofim Lysenko against genetics and science-based agriculture in the mid-20th century, rejecting natural selection in favour of a form of Lamarckism, as well as expanding upon the techniques of vernalization and grafting.

Swiss anatomist, physiologist (1817–1905)

South African doctor and paleontologist (1866–1951)

Russian academic (1822-1885)

German botanist and university teacher (1805–1877)

Baltic German biologist, zoologist, and philosopher (1864-1944)

German zoologist (1849–1922)

Irish writer, philosopher, social reformer, anti-vivisection activist and leading suffragist (1822-1904)

German botanist (1832-1897)

French biologist (1810–1892)

mutational change from one generation to the next

German botanist (1794–1866)

Italian botanist (1894-1982)

French zoologist (1895-1985)

paleontologist (1867-1957)

American zoologist (1842–1910)

Canadian mathematician and biologist (1931–2009)

British environmentalist, writer and philosopher (1928–2009)

British philosopher (1820–1909)

British botanist and publisher (1833-1902)

school of biological thought that objects to an exclusively Darwinian or adaptationist explanation of natural selection, arguing that other mechanisms also guide evolution, and sometimes implying that these supersede selection altogether

English entomologist (1813–1893)

Czech biologist, philosopher and politic writer (1873–1942)

American zoologist (1880–1954)

evolution of the mind or spirit

list of alternatives to Darwinian Natural Selection

period when evolution was widely accepted, but natural selection was not

British-Australian author and biochemist

British zoologist (1888-1945)

English ornithologist

hypothesis that, in the course of evolution, some entirely new properties, such as mind and consciousness, appear at certain critical points

Evolutionary theory

professor, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zuerich, Switzerland

Scottish biologist and philosopher of biology (1887-1954)

British poet, biographer, critic, journalist writer and newspaper columnist (1950-)

Scottish-Australian newspaper proprietor (1827-1908)

Scottish author and publisher (1837-1905)

French zoologist and writer, best known for his advocation of non-Darwinian evolution