November Uprising

Polish uprising against occupying Russian Empire from November 1830 to September 1831

soldier, diplomat (1772-1851)

étude written by Chopin

hôtel particulier or large mansion in Paris, built & expanded by the Lambert brothers 1641-1660

emigration of the elite from Poland in the 19th century, following the November uprising (1830-1831)

unofficial motto of Poland

thumbnail|Scythemen of the 2nd Kraków Grenadier Regiment in 1794. thumbnail|Polish scythemen of the January Uprising in 1863–1864. thumbnail|Scythemen in 1831, led by Emilia Plater. Gouache by [[Jan Rosen.]] Scythemen, also known as scythe-bearers is the term for soldiers (often peasants and townspeople) armed with war scythes. First appearing in the Kościuszko Uprising of 1794, scythemen quickly became one of the symbols of the struggle for Polish independence and for the emancipation of the serfs.

Polish patriotic song

1831 poem written by Alexander Pushkin

painting by Horace Vernet

1832 encyclical of Pope Gregory XVI

1831 rebel government