Nuclear physics

model of the atomic nucleus

thumb|Joanna Izewska gives Ambassador Frank Recker and his delegation a tour of the IAEA Dosimetry Laboratory. Radiation dosimetry in the fields of health physics and radiation protection is the measurement, calculation and assessment of the ionizing radiation dose absorbed by an object, usually the human body. This applies both internally, due to ingested or inhaled radioactive substances, or externally due to irradiation by sources of radiation.

In particle physics, the hypercharge (a portmanteau of hyperonic and charge) Y of a particle is a quantum number conserved under the strong interaction. The concept of hypercharge provides a single charge operator that accounts for properties of isospin, electric charge, and flavour. The hypercharge is useful to classify hadrons; the similarly named weak hypercharge has an analogous role in the electroweak interaction.

Photodisintegration (also called phototransmutation, or a photonuclear reaction) is a nuclear process in which an atomic nucleus absorbs a high-energy gamma ray, enters an excited state, and immediately decays by emitting a subatomic particle. The incoming gamma ray effectively knocks one or more neutrons, protons, or an alpha particle out of the nucleus. The reactions are called (γ,n), (γ,p), and (γ,α), respectively.

number of neutrons in a nuclide

proportional counter that detects charged particles and photons

differential equation parameter in thermal physics

production of the elements in a supernova explosion

quantum number relating the electric charge and the third component of weak isospin

spectral line associated with absorption or emission of light by atomic nuclei, atoms, or molecules

decay mode

naturally occurring uranium deposit where self-sustaining nuclear chain reactions have occurred

technique to follow reactions by using atomic isotopes

A hypernucleus is similar to a conventional atomic nucleus, but contains at least one hyperon in addition to the normal protons and neutrons. Hyperons are a category of baryon particles that carry non-zero strangeness quantum number, which is conserved by the strong and electromagnetic interactions.

quantitative study of the energy spectra of gamma-ray sources

difference between mass and mass number of a nuclide

g-factor for electron with spin and orbital angular momentum

nuclear decay in which an atomic nucleus emits a small cluster of neutrons and protons

state of a nuclear reactor where the nuclear chain reaction is precisely self-sustaining

formula to approximate nuclear mass based on nucleon counts

phenomenon in astroparticle physics

pulsed neutron source and a research facility

A strangelet (pronounced ) is a hypothetical particle consisting of a bound state of roughly equal numbers of up, down, and strange quarks. An equivalent description is that a strangelet is a small fragment of strange matter, small enough to be considered a particle. The size of an object composed of strange matter could, theoretically, range from a few femtometers across (with the mass of a light nucleus) to arbitrarily large. Once the size becomes macroscopic (on the order of meters across), such an object is usually called a strange star. The term "strangelet" originates with Edward Farhi a

The term p-process (p for proton) is used in two ways in the scientific literature concerning the astrophysical origin of the elements (nucleosynthesis). Originally it referred to a proton capture process which was proposed to be the source of certain, naturally occurring, neutron-deficient isotopes of the elements from selenium to mercury. These nuclides are called p-nuclei and their origin is still not completely understood. Although it was shown that the originally suggested process cannot produce the p-nuclei, later on the term p-process was sometimes used to generally refer to any nucleos

product of nuclear fission

empirical 1911 rule relating alpha decay energy to decay half-life

right|thumb|280px|Nucleosynthesis of proton-rich nuclei by rapid proton capture The rp-process (rapid proton capture process) consists of consecutive proton captures onto seed nuclei to produce heavier elements. It is a nucleosynthesis process and, along with the s-process and the r-process, may be responsible for the generation of many of the heavy elements present in the universe. However, it is notably different from the other processes mentioned in that it occurs on the proton-rich side of stability as opposed to on the neutron-rich side of stability.

interdisciplinary branch of physics

Relation between observed magnetic moment of a particle and the related unit of magnetic moment

nuclear reactor where the coolant is liquid metal

scientific article on the origin of the chemical elements

moving charge energy loss formula found by Hans Bethe

study of motions and interactions of neutrons with materials

type of approximation to an underlying physical theory

proportion of a nuclear or particle decay going to a given decay mode

type of nuclear reaction

isotopes that are produced by interaction of cosmic rays with the nucleus of the atom

internal structure of the atomic nucleus

measure for the energy lost by charged particles per traversed distance, including only interactions up to a given energy

Non-destructive elemental analysis technique

Nucleocosmochronology, or nuclear cosmochronology, is a technique used to determine timescales for astrophysical objects and events based on observed ratios of radioactive heavy elements and their decay products. It is similar in many respects to radiometric dating, in which trace radioactive impurities were selectively incorporated into materials when they were formed.

1938 achievement in physics

atomic nuclear process

research institute in Heidelberg, Germany

time after each event during which detection systems are not able to record another event

soviet award for achievement in nuclear physics

accelerator-based neutron source in Oak Ridge

scalar physical quantity

rule governing the transmutation of elements during radioactive decay

nuclear spin polarization of a material in a magnetic field far beyond thermal equilibrium

type of particle detector

kinetic energy lost by charged particles traversing a given material per traversed distance

high-frequency collective excitation of atomic nuclei

magnetic moment of an atomic nucleus

core atomic nucleus surrounded by orbiting protons or neutrons

American award for experimental research in nuclear physics

intersection of nuclear physics and high-energy physics

sustained nuclear fission achieved solely by prompt neutron emission

Photofission is a process in which a nucleus, after absorbing a gamma ray, undergoes nuclear fission and splits into two or more fragments.

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