Old Saxony

10th-century Saxon chronicler

thumb|The Destruction of Irminsul by Charlemagne by Heinrich Leutemann (1882).

campaigns and insurrections (772–804) between the Carolingian Empire and Saxons in what is now northwestern Germany; resulted in the incorporation of Saxony into the Frankish realm and their forcible conversion from Germanic paganism to Catholicism

400 px|thumb|The approximate locations of the Sicambri and Bructeri in about 10 BC 400 px|thumb|Approximate positions of tribes in about 100 AD thumb|right|A view of the country around Minden, part of ancient Engern The Angrivarii (or Angrivari) were a Germanic people of the early Roman Empire, who lived in what is now northwest Germany near the middle of the Weser river. They were mentioned by the Roman authors Tacitus and Ptolemy.

thumb|265px|Eastphalia () within Saxony circa 1000 CE

massacre

larger region of which Lower Saxony is a part

heraldic animal

Northumbrian saint

thumb|Illustration, Saxon Chronicle, 1492 thumb|17th-century engraving depicting Charlemagne ordering a statue of Krodo destroyed Krodo was a Germanic god of the Saxons, according to the 1492 Saxon Chronicle incunable probably written by the Brunswick goldsmith Conrad Bothe (c. 1475 – c. 1501) and printed in the studio of Peter Schöffer at Mainz. He is supposed to have been similar to the Roman god Saturn. Modern historians characterize the figure of Krodo as a fake (Janzen 2017).

The Stellinga (Old Saxon for "companions, comrades") or Stellingabund (German for "Stellinga league") was a movement of Saxon frilingi (freemen) and lazzi (freedmen) between 841 and 843. These were the middle two Saxon castes, below the nobility and above the unfree. The aim of the Stellinga was to recover those rights the two castes had possessed before their forced conversion from Germanic paganism to Christianity in the 770s. At that time they had still possessed political privileges, but Charlemagne, having won over to his cause the Saxon nobility, had reduced them to mere peasants. The St