Ophthalmic equipment

Ophthalmoscopy, (from Ancient Greek ὀφθαλμός (ophthalmós), meaning "eye", and σκοπέω (skopéō), meaning "to look") also called funduscopy, is a test that allows a health professional to see inside the fundus of the eye and other structures using an ophthalmoscope (or funduscope). It is done as part of an eye examination and may be done as part of a routine physical examination. It is crucial in determining the health of the retina, optic disc, and vitreous humor.

medical device, microscope with a light source that can be projected into a linear beam

procedure to determine intra ocular pressure

Retinoscopy is a technique to obtain an objective measurement of the refractive error of a patient's eyes.

thumb|An eye doctor examining a patient with a keratometer thumb|Typical presentations of keratoconus as detected through a keratometer thumb|Shin Nippon Nvision K-5001 Refkeratometer A keratometer, also known as an ophthalmometer, is a diagnostic instrument for measuring the curvature of the anterior surface of the cornea, particularly for assessing the extent and axis of astigmatism. It was invented by the German physiologist Hermann von Helmholtz in 1851, although an earlier model was developed in 1796 by Jesse Ramsden and Everard Home.

chart used to measure vision

thumb|right|A lensmeter in an optical shop [[File:Lensmeter-2.png|thumb|right|upright|A simple lensmeter cross sectional view.

thumb|330 px|An Exophthalmometer An exophthalmometer is an instrument used for measuring the degree of forward displacement of the eye in exophthalmos. The device allows measurement of the forward distance of the lateral orbital rim to the front of the cornea. Exophthalmometers can also identify enophthalmos (retraction of the eye into the orbit), a sign of blow-out fracture or certain neoplasms.

A keratoscope, sometimes known as ''Placido's disk'', is an ophthalmic instrument used to assess the shape of the anterior surface of the cornea. A series of concentric rings is projected onto the cornea and their reflection viewed by the examiner through a small hole in the centre of the disk. A regular-shaped cornea should show equally spaced symmetric reflections. If the patient is suffering from astigmatism or from a corneal dystrophy, the rings will be distorted.

In ophthalmology, gonioscopy is a routine procedure that measures the angle between the iris and the cornea (the iridocorneal angle), using a goniolens (also known as a gonioscope) together with a slit lamp or operating microscope. Its use is important in diagnosing and monitoring various eye conditions associated with glaucoma.

An anomaloscope is an instrument and color vision test, often used to quantify and characterize color blindness. They are expensive and require specialized knowledge to operate, but are viewed as the gold standard for color vision standards. As a result, they are normally used for academic studies, rather than job pre-screening. They are also used to validate other color vision standards with regard to classification of color vision defects.

thumb|right|A phoropter can measure refractive error to determine an individual's spectacle lens prescription during an eye examination. thumb|right|Side of a phoropter that faces the patient

Pupillometer, also spelled pupilometer, is a medical device intended to measure by reflected light the size of the pupil of the eye.

medical imaging of the eyes

thumb|A United States Navy optometrist technician using an autorefractor during a humanitarian assistance project in [[Nicaragua in 2008]] An autorefractor or automated refractor is a computer-controlled machine used during an eye examination to provide an objective measurement of a person's refractive error and prescription for glasses or contact lenses. This is achieved by measuring how light is changed as it enters a person's eye.

A focometer is an instrument that measures refractive errors and is intended to provide spherical eyeglass prescriptions to rural or economically disadvantaged populations without the need for complicated protocols, expensive equipment, or electricity. The focometer is monocular and hand-held, and is normally used in natural lighting. Patients rotate a collar on the focometer until the best focus is achieved. The individual's refractive power is then read off a linear dioptre scale.

diagnostic tool used in ophthalmology, otolaryngology and audiovestibular medicine