Paleoecology

thumb|The growth rings of a tree at Bristol Zoo, [[England. Each ring represents one year; the outside rings, near the bark, are the youngest]] thumb|A "tree cookie" cross-section of a Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii|Coast Douglas-fir tree displayed in the [[Royal Ontario Museum. The tree was over 500 years old when it was cut down in British Columbia in the 1890s. The markings indicating historical events were added in the 1920s.]] Dendrochronology (or tree-ring dating) is the scientific method of dating tree rings (also called growth rings) to the exact year they were formed in a tree.

Paleoecology (also spelled palaeoecology) is the study of interactions between organisms and/or interactions between organisms and their environments across geologic timescales. As a discipline, paleoecology interacts with, depends on and informs a variety of fields including paleontology, ecology, climatology and biology.

ecological experiment

Widespread biome during the Last Glacial Maximum

hypothetical geoclimactic event

Paleolimnology (from Greek: παλαιός, palaios, "ancient", λίμνη, limne, "lake", and λόγος, logos, "study") is a scientific sub-discipline closely related to both limnology and paleoecology. Paleolimnological studies focus on reconstructing the past environments of inland waters (e.g., lakes and streams) using the geologic record, especially with regard to events such as climatic change, eutrophication, acidification, and internal ontogenic processes.

cave in Eastern Cape, South Africa

series of north European climatic periods

type of zone