Pali words and phrases

thumb|170px| is any form of giving. alt=Buddhist Dana|thumb|In Buddhist culture, (donation) is any relinquishing of ownership to a recipient without expecting anything in return. alt=Dana|thumb|The Buddha and a monk are shown in a relief from Borobudur, Indonesia, making an alms round. '''''' (Devanagari: , IAST: ) is a Sanskrit and Pali word that connotes the virtue of generosity, charity or giving of alms, in Indian religions and philosophies.

thumb|An ordination ceremony at Wat Yannawa in [[Bangkok. The Vinaya codes regulate the various official acts of the Buddhist monastic community (sangha-kamma), including the ordination of new monks.]]

REDIRECT Enlightenment in Buddhism#Bodhi

The ' (sublime attitudes, lit. "abodes of Brahma") is a series of four Buddhist virtues and the meditation practices made to cultivate them. They are also known as the four immeasurables (Pāli: ) or four infinite minds' (Chinese: ). The are: loving-kindness or benevolence () compassion () empathetic joy () equanimity ()

alt=Buddha statue doing anapanasati|thumb|Buddha statue doing anāpānasati

'''' (from Pāli; ) is an important concept in Buddhism, referring to "thirst, desire, longing, greed", either physical or mental. It is typically translated as craving, and is of three types: kāma-taṇhā (craving for sensual pleasures), bhava-taṇhā (craving for existence), and vibhava-taṇhā'' (craving for non-existence).

thumb|Sāmaṇeras from Theravada Buddhism, [[Thailand]] thumb|Sāmaṇeras from the Jogye Order of [[Korean Seon]] A '''''' (Pali; ) is a novice male monastic in Buddhism. A novice female monastic is a , in Sanskrit or .

concentration (dhyāna, jhāna); concept of mindfulness or awareness, a spiritual or psychological faculty (indriya) that forms an essential part of Buddhist practice

Vedanā (Pāli and Sanskrit: वेदना) is an ancient term traditionally translated as either "feeling" or "sensation." In general, vedanā refers to the pleasant, unpleasant and neutral sensations that occur when our internal sense organs come into contact with external sense objects and the associated consciousness. Vedanā is identified as valence or "hedonic tone" in psychology.

' (Pali; संखार; Sanskrit: संस्कार or ') is a term figuring prominently in Buddhism. The word means 'formations' or 'that which has been put together' and 'that which puts together'.

Paritta (Pali), generally translated as "protection" or "safeguard," refers to the specific Buddhist verses and discourses recited in order to ward off misfortune or danger, as well as to the practice of reciting the verses and discourses. The practice of reciting or listening to the paritta suttas began very early in the history of Buddhism.

thumb|200px|The "Yona" Greek king of India Menander I|Menander (160–135 BCE). Inscription in Greek: , lit. "of Saviour King Menander". thumb|right|350px|Yavana kingdom alongside other locations of kingdoms and republics mentioned in the Indian epics or Bharata Khanda.

"vehicle" of Buddhism

In Buddhism, '''' (, ) literally means place of work''. Its original meaning was someone's occupation (farming, trading, cattle-tending, etc.) but this meaning has developed into several distinct but related usages all having to do with Buddhist meditation.

thumb|Upasampadā of a Buddhist monk in Burma Upasampadā (Pali) literally denotes "approaching or nearing the ascetic tradition." In more common parlance it specifically refers to the rite and ritual of ascetic vetting (ordination) by which a candidate, if deemed acceptable, enters the community as upasampadān (ordained) and is authorised to undertake ascetic life.

thumb|A shmashana outside an Indian village A shmashana () is a Hindu crematory ground, where dead bodies are brought to be burnt on a pyre. It is usually located near a river or body of water on the outskirts of a village or town; as they are usually located near river ghats, they are also regionally called smashan ghats.

thumb|The dhutanga called "living under a tree without the shelter of a roof" (Pali: ''rukkhamulik'anga'').

Paṭik(k)ūlamanasikāra is a Pāli term that is generally translated as "reflections on repulsiveness". It refers to a traditional Buddhist meditation whereby thirty-one parts of the body are contemplated in a variety of ways. In addition to developing sati (mindfulness) and samādhi (concentration), this form of meditation is considered conducive to overcoming desire and lust. Along with cemetery contemplations such as the contemplation of the nine stages of decay, this type of meditation is one of the two meditations on "the foul" or "unattractive" (Pāli: asubha).

'''''' (Pāli; ; ; ) means "recollection," "contemplation," "remembrance," "meditation", and "mindfulness". It refers to specific Buddhist meditational or devotional practices, such as recollecting the sublime qualities of the Buddha, which lead to mental tranquillity and abiding joy. In various contexts, the Pali literature and Sanskrit Mahayana sutras emphasise and identify different enumerations of recollections.

Passaddhi is a Pali noun (Sanskrit: prasrabhi, Tibetan: ཤིན་ཏུ་སྦྱང་བ་, Tibetan Wylie: shin tu sbyang ba) that has been translated as "calmness", "tranquillity", "repose" and "serenity." The associated verb is passambhati (to calm down, to be quiet).

Mahavihara () is the Sanskrit and Pali term for a great vihara (centre of learning or Buddhist monastery) and is used to describe a monastic complex of viharas.