Pannonian Avars

alliance of various Eurasian nomads – 6th to 9th centuries

Samo ( – ) was the founder and sole ruler of the first recorded unified tribal polity of Slavs, later known as ''Samo's realm'', ruling from 623 until his death in 658. According to Fredegar—the earliest source about Samo and the one from which all later ones derive—he was a Frankish merchant from Sens.

Avar khagan

former country

A tudun was a Göktürk title for a governor or resident administrator appointed to oversee a conquered territory or settlement on behalf of the khagan. The title was used in the Khazar, Bulgar, and Avar empires. It was also used in Western Turk regions, notably Sogdia.

culture of the Keszthely people

Military conflict

Avar khagan

war in eastern Europe

Kandik or Kazrig was one of the three Scythian brothers mentioned in the chronicle of Michael of Syria, the Jacobite Patriarch of Antioch. After leading their Iverian people as refugees away from the Turks as Pseudo-Avar khagans, Kazrig and his brothers Bolgaris and Bayan I approached Sarosius to mediate for him with the Byzantine Empire in 557. They soon conquered the remnant of the Akatziri Hunno-Bulgars also known as Kutrigurs from the time of Ernak.

Butaul (also spelled Buta-ul, with possible meaning "the son of Buta") is a name mentioned in an inscription contained in a treasure trove of gold artifacts found in 1799 in Sânnicolau Mare, in northern Banat (then under administration of the Habsburg monarchy, today in Timiș County in western Romania). According to various interpretations of the inscription, Butaul was an župan, a sort of local chieftain. It is possible that Butaul is linked to the runiform on the chalice of Kiskőrös-Vágóhíd, which may be transliterated as /put'ə/ (Oghur Turkic for 'louse') or /Buta/ [Oghur Turkic for (camel'