Permian Russia

Inostrancevia is an extinct genus of large carnivorous therapsids which lived during the Late Permian in what is now European Russia and Southern Africa. The first-known fossils of this gorgonopsian were discovered in the context of a long series of excavations carried out from 1899 to 1914 in the Northern Dvina, Russia. Among these are two near-complete skeletons embodying the first described specimens of this genus, being also the first gorgonopsian identified in Russia. Several other fossil materials were discovered there, and the various finds led to confusion as to the exact number of val

Scutosaurus ("shield lizard") is an extinct genus of pareiasaurian reptile. Fossils have been found in the Sokolki Assemblage Zone of the Malokinelskaya Formation in European Russia, close to the Ural Mountains, dating to the late Permian (Lopingian) between 259 and 252 million years ago. Its genus name refers to large plates of armor scattered across its body. With a body mass suggested to exceed , it was one of the largest reptiles of the Permian period.

Procynosuchus (Greek: "Before dog crocodile" or "raccoon crocodile") is an extinct genus of cynodonts from the Late Permian. It is considered to be one of the earliest and most basal cynodonts. It was 60 cm (2 ft) long.

Estemmenosuchus (meaning "crowned crocodile" in Greek) is an extinct genus of large, early omnivorous therapsid. It is believed and interpreted to have lived during the middle part of the Middle Permian around 267 million years ago. The two species, E. uralensis and E. mirabilis, are characterised by distinctive horn-like structures, which were probably used for intra-specific display. Both species of Estemmenosuchus are from the Perm (or Cis-Urals) region of Russia. Two other estemmenosuchids, Anoplosuchus and Zopherosuchus, are now considered females of the species E. uralensis. There were m

Archosaurus (meaning "ruling lizard") is an extinct genus of carnivorous proterosuchid archosauriform reptile. Its fossils are dated to the latest Permian of Russia, it is one of the earliest known archosauriforms. The type and only species is Archosaurus rossicus, known from several fragmentary specimens which cumulatively represent parts of the skull and cervical vertebrae. It would have been long when fully grown.

Eotitanosuchus ("dawn giant crocodile") is an extinct genus of biarmosuchian therapsids whose fossils were found in the town of Ochyor in Perm Krai, Russia. It lived about 267 million years ago. The only species is Eotitanosuchus olsoni.

Dvinia is an extinct genus of cynodonts found in the Salarevo Formation of Sokolki on the Northern Dvina River near Kotlas in Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. It is the only known member of the family Dviniidae. Its fossil remains date from the Late Permian and were found with Inostrancevia, Scutosaurus and Vivaxosaurus.

Biarmosuchus is an extinct genus of biarmosuchian therapsids that lived around 267 mya during the Middle Permian period. Biarmosuchus was discovered in the Perm region of Russia. The first specimen was found in channel sandstone that was deposited by flood waters originating from the young Ural Mountains.

Mesenosaurus is an extinct genus of synapsid belonging to the family Varanopidae. This genus includes two species: the type species Mesenosaurus romeri from the middle Permian (upper Kazanian) Mezen River Basin of northern Russia, and Mesenosaurus efremovi from the early Permian (Artinskian) Richards Spur locality (Oklahoma, United States). M. romeri’s stratigraphic range is the middle to late Guadalupian while M. efremovi’s stratigraphic range is the Cisuralian.

Viatkogorgon is a genus of gorgonopsian (a type of therapsid, the group that includes modern mammals) that lived during the Permian period in what is now Russia. The first fossil was found at the Kotelnich locality near the Vyatka River and was made the holotype of the new genus and species V. ivakhnenkoi in 1999. The generic name refers to the river and the related genus Gorgonops—the gorgons of Greek mythology are often referenced in the names of the group. The specific name honors the paleontologist Mikhail F. Ivakhnenko. The holotype skeleton is one of the most complete gorgonopsian specim

Proburnetia is an extinct genus of biarmosuchian therapsids in the family Burnetiidae, from the Late Permian of Russia. It had bizarre bumps and protrusions on its skull.

Otsheria is an extinct genus of anomodont, in the infraorder Venyukovioidea. It lived in modern-day Russia during the Permian.

Nochnitsa is an extinct genus of gorgonopsian therapsids who lived during an uncertain stage of the Permian in what is now European Russia. Only one species is known, N. geminidens, described in 2018 from a single specimen including a complete skull and some postcranial remains, discovered in the red beds of Kotelnich, Kirov Oblast. The genus is named in reference to Nocnitsa, a nocturnal creature from Slavic mythology. This name is intended as a parallel to the Gorgons, which are named after many genera among gorgonopsians, as well as for the nocturnal behavior inferred for the animal. The on

Venyukovia (named after its discoverer, Pavel N. Venyukov) is an extinct genus of venyukovioid therapsid, a basal anomodont from the Middle Permian of Russia. The type and sole species, V. prima, is known only by a partial lower jaw with teeth. Venyukovia has often been incorrectly spelt as Venjukovia in English literature. This stems from a spelling error made by Russian palaeontologist Ivan Efremov in 1940, who mistakenly replaced the 'y' with a 'j', which subsequently permeated through therapsid literature before the mistake was caught and corrected. Venyukovia is the namesake for the Venyu

Phreatophasma is an extinct genus of synapsids from the Middle Permian of European Russia. It includes only one species, Phreatophasma aenigmatum, which is itself known from a single femur found in a mine near the town of Belebei in Bashkortostan. Phreatophasma comes from a fossil assemblage that is latest Ufimian to earliest Kazanian in age under the Russian stratigraphic scheme, correlating with the Roadian Age (earliest Middle Permian, about 270 million years ago) under the international stratigraphic timescale. Because the species is based on a single specimen with few diagnostic anatomica

Nikkasaurus is an extinct genus of therapsids first named and described by Ivakhnenko.

Phthinosaurus is an extinct genus of therapsids from the Middle Permian of Russia. The type species Phthinosaurus borrisiaki was named by Soviet paleontologist Ivan Yefremov in 1940 on the basis of an isolated lower jaw. Because this jaw provides few distinguishing characteristics, the evolutionary relationships of Phthinosaurus are poorly known. Yefremov named the family Phthinosuchidae in 1954 to include Phthinosaurus and the newly named Phthinosuchus, which was described on the basis of a crushed partial skull. American paleontologist Everett C. Olson placed both of these therapsids in the

Niuksenitia is an extinct genus of biarmosuchian therapsids from the Late Permian of Russia. It is only known from a partial skull including part of the posterior half of the skull and the palate. Because so little of it is known, it is difficult to determine the closest relatives of this species.

Sludica is an extinct genus of procynosuchid cynodont from the Late Permian of Russia. Fossils have been found in the Ilinskoe Assemblage Zone within Velikoustyugsky District in Vologda Oblast, correlated with the Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone. The type and only species is Sludica bulanovi.

thumb|left|Life restoration Suchogorgon is an extinct genus of gorgonopsids from the Late Permian of Russia. It was a medium-sized animal with a low, narrow skull. Its skull is dotted with small pits, which might have housed sensory organs in life. Its canines were large and flat, as in most gorgonopsids.

Mamulichthys is an extinct genus of bony fish in the order Discordichthyiformes only known from the middle Permian of Russia. Like other members of its order, the fish differs from the majority of other bony fish due to the presence of fin spines on its pectoral and dorsal fins. The fish is one of the most complete members of the order, with the holotype specimen preserving a majority of the body, up to around the second dorsal fin. More recently, Mamulichthys has been though to potentially be a synonym of another member of the order ,Mutovinia, due to the similarities in their odontode shape.

Rhadinichthys is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish. It is known from several species that lived in the Late Devonian epoch, the Carboniferous period and the Cisuralian epoch (early Permian) in what is now Europe, South Africa, and North and South America. Some isolated scales from the Cisuralian of Europe (Belgium, France, Russia) were also referred to this genus.

crater in Pskov Oblast, Russia