Personal unions

former country. personal union of the three kingdoms of Denmark, Sweden and Norway (1397–1523)

situation of two states sharing a monarch without merging

sovereign state headed by British monarch

Denmark–Norway was a 16th-to-19th-century multi-national and multi-lingual real union consisting of the Kingdom of Denmark, the Kingdom of Norway (including the then Norwegian overseas possessions: the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Greenland, and other possessions), the Duchy of Schleswig, and the Duchy of Holstein. The state also claimed sovereignty over three historical peoples: Frisians, Gutes and Wends. Denmark–Norway had several colonies, namely the Danish Gold Coast, Danish India (the Nicobar Islands, Serampore, Tharangambadi), and the Danish West Indies.

territory in Eastern Europe in Russian empire (1815–1915)

personal union between Sweden and Norway 1814–1905

Brandenburg–Prussia (; ) is the historiographic denomination for the early modern realm of the Brandenburgian House of Hohenzollern between 1618 and 1701. Based in the Electorate of Brandenburg, the main branch of the Hohenzollern intermarried with the branch ruling the Duchy of Prussia, and secured succession upon the latter's extinction in the male line in 1618. Another consequence of intermarriage was the incorporation of the lower Rhenish principalities of Cleves, Mark and Ravensberg after the Treaty of Xanten in 1614.

personal union of Castile, Aragon and Portugal 1580-1640

1385 document between Poland and Lithuania

personal union of the Kingdom of Croatia and the Kingdom of Hungary from 1102 to 1526

1413 series of pacts between Poland and Lithuania

kind of federation with only two different states that are governed by the same dynasty, while their boundaries, their laws and their interests remain distinct

Series of acts of the Polish–Lithuanian union

1655 treaty between Sweden and Lithuania

A union between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden

act of 1 December 1918 putting Iceland into personal union with Denmark

period in the Middle Ages where Charles VII of France and Henry VI of England disputed the succession to the throne of France

state consisting of several countries under one ruler

Personal union between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Kingdom of Poland

former country

Exercise of the sovereign power by the Guelphs in Brunswick-Lüneburg (Hanover) & Great Britain in the 18. & 19. century