Philosophers of pessimism

French philosopher, author, and journalist (1913–1960)

French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer, and Christian philosopher (1623-1662)

German philosopher (1788-1860)

Persian mathematician and poet (1048–1131)

Italian noble, poet, philosopher, and writer (1798-1837)

Spanish poet (1864–1936)

Romanian-French philosopher and essayist (1911–1995)

Aragonese Jesuit and baroque prose writer and philosopher in Castilian language (1601-1658)

'''Abu al-Ala al-Ma'arri (; December 973May 1057), also known by his Latin name Abulola Moarrensis''', was an Arab philosopher, poet, and writer from Ma'arrat al-Nu'man, Emirate of Aleppo (in present day Syria). Because of his antireligious worldview, he is known as one of the "foremost atheists" of his time", although his worldview was closer to deism. However, in his defensive treatise Zajr al-Nabeh (The Repelling of the Barker)—a manuscript edited and published in 1965—al-Ma'arri explicitly identified himself as a faithful Muslim and systematically refuted the accusations of heresy leveled

German philosopher (1842–1906)

British political philosopher (born 1948)

Norwegian philosopher, mountaineer, and author (1899–1990)

German poet and philosopher (1841–1876)

ancient Greek philosopher

South African philosopher (born 1966)

American horror author

American cultural anthropologist (1924–1974)

Italian philosopher (1887-1910)

German philosopher (1830–1881)

Argentine philosopher

British philosopher

French-Uruguayan philosopher

American philosopher

Swiss-American philosopher (1839–1895)

German philosopher (1844–1877)

German writer and academic

Norwegian philosopher (1918–2001)