Phonetic guides

alphabetic system of phonetic notation

Hanyu Pinyin, or simply pinyin (pīnyīn), officially the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet, is the most common romanization system for Standard Chinese. Hanyu literally means —that is, the Chinese language—while pinyin literally means 'spelled sounds'. Pinyin is the official romanization system used in China, and Singapore, and by the United Nations. Its use has become common when transliterating Standard Chinese mostly regardless of region, though it is less ubiquitous in Taiwan. It is used to teach Standard Chinese, normally written with Chinese characters, to students in mainland China and Singapore

Japanese language written in Latin script

diacritic used in the Arabic script

small characters placed aside a Chinese or Japanese characters to precise their pronunciation or to transliterate them into another script

Fanqie is a method used in traditional Chinese lexicography to indicate the pronunciation of a monosyllabic character by using two other characters, one with the same initial consonant as the desired syllable and one in which the rest of the syllable (the final) matches. The method was introduced in the 3rd century AD and is to some extent still used in commentaries on the classics and dictionaries.

form of the Arabic letter alif, written as a short vertical stroke on top of another letter; indicates a long /aː/ sound; e.g. هٰذَا hādhā, رَحْمٰن raḥmān

phonetic transcription

Latin-based phonetic alphabet for the transcription of Norwegian languages and dialects