Phonetics

phonetics: air flow in vocal tract

phonetic sound in some languages

a phenomenon

process of hearing and understanding language

unsystematic deviation (conscious or unconscious) from the apparently intended form of an utterance

speech audio files and text transcriptions

phonetic symbols with sounds

tonal system of Middle Chinese, vestiges of which survive in modern Chinese languages

the degree to which a written language deviates from simple one-to-one letter-phoneme correspondence

1920 poem written by Gerard Nolst Trenité demonstrating the irregularity of English spelling and pronunciation

phonological doubling of initial consonants

process by which people translate thoughts into verbal words

In phonology, tenseness or tensing is, most generally, the pronunciation of a sound with greater muscular effort or constriction than is typical. More specifically, tenseness is the pronunciation of a vowel with less centralization (i.e. either more fronting or more backing), longer duration, and narrower mouth width (with the tongue being perhaps more raised) compared with another vowel. The opposite quality to tenseness is known as laxness or laxing: the pronunciation of a vowel with relatively more centralization, shorter duration, and more widening (perhaps even lowering).

type of consonant sound

description of producing a sound

actual use of language in concrete situations

In phonetics, preaspiration (sometimes spelled pre-aspiration) is a period of voicelessness or aspiration preceding the closure of a voiceless obstruent, basically an -like sound preceding the obstruent. In other words, when an obstruent is preaspirated, voicing stops and the glottis is opened for some time before the obstruent closure. To mark preaspiration using the International Phonetic Alphabet, the diacritic for regular aspiration, , can be placed before the preaspirated consonant. However, prefer to use a simple cluster notation, e.g. instead of .

Downstep is a phenomenon in tone languages in which if two syllables have the same tone (for example, both with a high tone or both with a low tone), the second syllable is lower in pitch than the first.

branch of phonetics

In phonetics, denasalization is the loss of nasal airflow in a nasal sound. That may be due to speech pathology but also occurs when the sinuses are blocked from a common cold, when it is called a nasal voice, which is not a linguistic term. Acoustically, it is the "absence of the expected nasal resonance." The symbol in the Extended IPA for partial denasalization is .

awareness of the phonological (sound) structure of words

Hypothesis of spoken word identification

topic in phonetics

pronunciation of a word according to its spelling

The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) uses a breve to indicate a speech sound (usually a vowel) with extra-short duration. That is, is a very short vowel with the quality of . An example from English is the short schwa of the word police . This is typical of vowel reduction.

weaker of two degrees of phonological stress

segment of speech that occurs with a single prosodic contour

Palatography is a technique used to identify which parts of the mouth are used when making different sounds. This technique is often used by linguists doing field work on little-known natural languages. A record made through palatography is called a palatogram.

situational pronunciation of "r" in non-rhotic varieties of English

Electropalatography (EPG) is a technique used to monitor contacts between the tongue and hard palate, particularly during articulation and speech.

thumb|upright=1.4|Dasatayi Pratisakhya of Saunakacharya, related to the Rigveda (Schoyen Collection Norway).

technique of speech repetition

medical condition

consonant with two simultaneous primary places of articulation of the same manner

teaching strategy in linguistics

phonetic phenomenon