Phonology

In linguistics, a paroxytone (, ) is a word with either stress (in stress-based languages) or a high accent (in languages with a pitch accent) on the penultimate syllable (that is, the second-to-last syllable). An example of this in English is the word potato. It contrasts with proparoxytone (on the antepenultimate third-to-last syllable), and oxytone (on the ultimate last syllable).

word or form that does not exist in a language but would be permitted by the grammatical rules of that language

In linguistics and social sciences, markedness is the state of standing out as nontypical or divergent as opposed to regular or common. In a marked–unmarked relation, one term of an opposition is the broader, dominant one. The dominant default or minimum-effort form is known as unmarked; the other, secondary one is marked. In other words, markedness involves the characterization of a "normal" linguistic unit against one or more of its possible "irregular" forms.

Accentology involves a systematic analysis of word or phrase stress. Sub-areas of accentology include Germanic accentology, Balto-Slavic accentology, Indo-European accentology, and Japanese accentology.

phonological process where voiced obstruents become voiceless before voiceless consonants or in pausa; occurs in Catalan, German, Dutch, Breton, Russian, Turkish, Wolof, etc.; e.g.: German Bad [baːt] > Bäder [ˈbɛːdɐ]; Turkish çicek > çiçeği

smallest temporally discrete unit identifiable in speech

In phonetics, a diphone is an adjacent pair of phones in an utterance. For example, in [daɪfəʊn], the diphones are [da], [aɪ], [ɪf], [fə], [əʊ], [ʊn]. The term is usually used to refer to a recording of the transition between two phones.

In linguistics, an oxytone (; , , ) is a word with either stress (in stress-based languages) or a high accent (in languages with a pitch accent) on the ultimate syllable (that is, the last syllable). Examples of this in English are the words correct and reward.

symbol or mark representing the tone of a preceding or succeeding syllable

in linguistics, the sequences of sounds corresponding to the words for "mother" and "father"

a phenomenon

phonetic sound in some languages

phonetic sound change

classification of a syllable, where a heavy syllable has form /CVV/ or /CVC/, while /CV/ is a light syllable, and (sometimes) a /CVVC/ or /CVCC/ is a superheavy syllable

Debuccalization, or deoralization, is a sound change or alternation in which an oral consonant loses its original place of articulation and moves it to the glottis (, , or ). The pronunciation of a consonant as is sometimes called aspiration, but in phonetics, aspiration is the burst of air accompanying a stop. The word comes from Latin , meaning 'cheek' or 'mouth'.

is a Japanese word that in the context of contemporary Japanese internet meme culture and its related slang is commonly used to refer to humorous homophonic reinterpretation, deliberately interpreting words as other similar-sounding words for comedy (similar to a mondegreen, but done deliberately).

REDIRECT Epenthesis#Anaptyxis

In phonology, tenseness or tensing is, most generally, the pronunciation of a sound with greater muscular effort or constriction than is typical. More specifically, tenseness is the pronunciation of a vowel with less centralization (i.e. either more fronting or more backing), longer duration, and narrower mouth width (with the tongue being perhaps more raised) compared with another vowel. The opposite quality to tenseness is known as laxness or laxing: the pronunciation of a vowel with relatively more centralization, shorter duration, and more widening (perhaps even lowering).

algorithm for indexing of words by their pronunciation

the degree to which a written language deviates from simple one-to-one letter-phoneme correspondence

In linguistics, a chroneme is an abstract phonological suprasegmental feature used to signify contrastive differences in the length of speech sounds. Both consonants and vowels can be viewed as displaying this features. The noun chroneme is derived , and the suffixed eme, which is analogous to the eme in phoneme or morpheme. Two words with different meaning that are spoken exactly the same except for length of one segment are considered a minimal pair. The term was coined by the British phonetician Daniel Jones to avoid using the term phoneme to characterize a feature above the segmental level

visual system of communication used with and among deaf or hard-of-hearing people, it adds information about the phonology of the words that is not visible on the lips

phonetic feature of some languages

Psilosis () is the sound change in which the Greek language lost its consonant sound during antiquity. The term comes from the Greek psílōsis ("smoothing, thinning out") and is related to the Greek term for smooth breathing (ψιλή psilḗ), the sign for the absence of initial in a word. Dialects that have lost are called psilotic.

Begadkefat (also begedkefet) is the phenomenon of lenition affecting the non-emphatic stop consonants of Biblical Hebrew and Aramaic when they are preceded by a vowel and not geminated. The name is also given to similar cases of spirantization of post-vocalic plosives in other languages; for instance, in Jerba Berber.

Shm-reduplication or schm-reduplication is a form of reduplication originating in Yiddish in which the original word or its first syllable (the base) is repeated with the copy (the reduplicant) beginning with the duplifix shm- (sometimes schm-), pronounced . The construction is generally used to indicate irony, sarcasm, derision, skepticism, or lack of interest with respect to comments about the discussed object. In general, the new combination is used as an interjection.

In articulatory phonetics, fortition, also known as strengthening, is a consonantal change that increases the degree or duration of stricture. It is the opposite of the more common lenition. For example, a fricative or an approximant may become a stop (i.e. becomes or becomes ). Although not as typical of sound change as lenition, fortition may occur in prominent positions, such as at the beginning of a word or stressed syllable; as an effect of reducing markedness; or due to morphological leveling.

'''H-dropping or aitch-dropping' is the deletion of the voiceless glottal fricative or "H''-sound", . The phenomenon is common in many dialects of English, and is also found in certain other languages, either as a purely historical development or as a contemporary difference between dialects. Although common in most regions of England and in some other English-speaking countries, and linguistically speaking a neutral evolution in languages, H-dropping is often stigmatized as a sign of careless or uneducated speech, due to its strong association with the lower class.

constituent in the phonological hierarchy, higher than the syllable and the foot but lower than intonational phrase and the phonological phrase; prosodic domain in which phonological features may spread from one morph to another

systematic formalization of a phonological process

thumb|upright=1.35|Vowel lip shapes in a 1919 lip reading manual

18th-century invention

Downstep is a phenomenon in tone languages in which if two syllables have the same tone (for example, both with a high tone or both with a low tone), the second syllable is lower in pitch than the first.

abstract form that a word or morpheme is postulated to have before any phonological rules have applied to it

phonemically contrasting consonant sounds

relation between rules in linguistics

Microlinguistics is a branch of linguistics that concerns itself with the study of language systems in the abstract, without regard to the meaning or national content of linguistic expressions. In micro-linguistics, language is reduced to the abstract mental elements of syntax and phonology. It contrasts with macro-linguistics, which includes meanings, and especially with sociolinguistics, which studies how language and meaning function within human social systems. The term micro-linguistics was first used in print by George L. Trager, in an article published in 1949, in Studies in Linguistics

weaker of two degrees of phonological stress

segment of speech that occurs with a single prosodic contour

numbers assigned to tone types in tonal languages

vocabulary originating from Chinese in other languages (e.g. Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese)

phonological theory based on connecting segments

relation between rules in linguistics

A diaphoneme is an abstract phonological unit that identifies a correspondence between related sounds of two or more varieties of a language or language cluster. For example, some English varieties contrast the vowel of late () with that of wait or eight (). Other English varieties contrast the vowel of late or wait () with that of eight (). This non-overlapping pair of phonemes from two different varieties can be reconciled by positing three different diaphonemes: A first diaphoneme for words like late (), a second diaphoneme for words like wait (), and a third diaphoneme for words like eight

velar consonant that is labialized, with a /w/-like secondary articulation, such as [kʷ, ɡʷ, xʷ, ɣʷ, ŋʷ]

in linguistics, a principle that outlines the structure of a syllable

in French orthography, an initial silent letter H that represents a hiatus at a word boundary and prevents contraction and liaison

A tagmeme is the smallest functional element in the grammatical structure of a language. The term was introduced in the 1930s by the linguist Leonard Bloomfield, who defined it as the smallest meaningful unit of grammatical form (analogous to the morpheme, defined as the smallest meaningful unit of lexical form). The term was later adopted, and its meaning broadened, by Kenneth Pike and others beginning in the 1950s, as the basis for their tagmemics.