Polish farmers

A kholop (Ukrainian and Russian холо́п; , ) was a type of feudal serf in Kievan Rus' from the 9th to early 12th centuries. The legal status of kholops in the 16th-century Tsardom of Russia was essentially the same as slaves.

A smerd () was a free peasant and later a feudal-dependent serf in the medieval Slavic states of East Europe. Sources from the 11th and 12th centuries (such as the 12th-century Russkaya Pravda) mention their presence in Kievan Rus' and Poland as the smerdones. Etymologically, the word smerd comes from a common Indo-European root meaning "ordinary man" or "dependent man".

history museum in Warsaw, Poland

Polish peasant uprising

unfree peasant class of early modern Poland