Polish inventions

Esperanto () is the world's most widely spoken constructed auxiliary language. Created by L. L. Zamenhof in 1887 as "the International Language" (), it is intended to be a universal second language for international communication. He described the language in ''Dr. Esperanto's International Language'' (known as , the "first book"), which he published under the pseudonym . Early adopters of the language liked the name and soon used it to describe his language. The word translates into English as "one who hopes".

Vodka ( ; ) is a clear distilled alcoholic beverage. Its varieties originated in Poland and Russia. Vodka is composed mainly of water and ethanol (alcohol), but sometimes with traces of impurities and flavourings. Traditionally, it is made by distilling liquid from fermented cereal grains and potatoes since the latter was introduced in Europe in the 18th century. Some modern brands use maize, sugar cane, fruit, honey, and maple sap as the base.

right|thumb|upright|A kerosene bottle, containing blue-dyed kerosene

type of lighting device

small wad of cotton wrapped around one or both ends of a short rod

mathematical notation in which every operator precedes all of its operands

well drilled in the ground or the seabed to recover hydrocarbons

method of crystal growth

Polish semi-automatic pistol

type of Man-Portable SAM

Polish copy of the Russian Igla rocket

thumb|1950 V-tailed Beechcraft Bonanza#Model 35 Bonanza|B35 still operated by the [[National Test Pilot School at the Mojave Air and Space Port]] thumb|Rear view of the Cirrus Vision SF50's V-tail and engine outlet thumb|The V-tail of a Belgian Air Force Fouga CM.170 Magister thumb|An Ultraflight Lazair showing its inverted V-tail covered with translucent Tedlar The V-tail or vee-tail (sometimes called a butterfly tail or '''Rudlicki's V-tail') of an aircraft is an unconventional arrangement of the tail control surfaces that replaces the traditional vertical and horizontal surfaces with two su

Polish anti-tank rifle

thumb|Nagra III with Pilottone thumb|Nagra VI Nagra is a Swiss brand of portable audio recorders first introduced in 1951. In 1997, the company expanded into new markets by launching a range of high-end equipment designed for the audiophile community.

codebreaking device created at Polish Cipher Bureau

Cryptologic technique used in World War II

PW-Sat is a series of Polish CubeSats designed and built by students at the Warsaw University of Technology in conjunction with the Faculty of Power and Aeronautical Engineering of Warsaw University of Technology, the Space Research Centre of Polish Academy of Sciences, and the European Space Agency. As of January 1, 2024, there have been 2 PW-Sats with a third in development. The first PW-Sat was the first Polish artificial satellite which was launched 13 February 2012 from ELA-1 at Guiana Space Centre aboard Italian-built Vega launch vehicle during its maiden voyage. After their graduation,

Semi-proportional electoral system

' (; , also known as ' (), is a concrete block, typically shaped as a regular hexagon or occasionally a tetragon, with stone fragments embedded in its upper layer. The types of stone used for these embedments, such as basalt and porphyry, vary depending on local availability. Cost-effective and durable, were widely implemented in Polish road construction during the interwar period. Between 1933 and 1938, these pavers were installed across an estimated 1 million square metres (11 × 106 sq ft) of roadway. Some of these paved surfaces remain extant in what are now Belarus and Ukrai

WWII landmine detector

The Floppotron is a musical instrument created by Polish engineer Paweł Zadrożniak.

thumb|right|250px|Aeroscope (1910) thumb|250px|Geoffrey Malins with aeroscope camera during [[World War I]] Aeroscope, from Ancient Greek ἀήρ (aḗr), meaning "air", and σκοπέω (skopéō), meaning "to look", was a type of compressed air camera for making films, constructed by Polish inventor Kazimierz Prószyński in 1909 (French patent from 10 April 1909) and built in England since 1911, at first by Newman & Sinclair, and from 1912 by Cherry Kearton Limited.

thumb|150px|Ebulliometer of Świętosławski

The Lacida, also called LCD, was a Polish rotor cipher machine. It was designed and produced before World War II by Poland's Cipher Bureau for prospective wartime use by Polish military higher commands. Lacida was also known as Crypto Machine during a TNMOC Virtual Talk.

designed in Poland