Political ideologies

Nationalism is an ideology or movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the state. As a movement, it presupposes the existence and tends to promote the interests of a particular nation, especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining its sovereignty (self-determination) over its perceived homeland to create a nation-state. It holds that the nation should govern itself, free from outside interference (self-governance), that a nation is a natural and ideal basis for a polity, and that the nation is the only rightful source of political power. It further aims to build, and m

Anarchism is a political philosophy and movement that seeks to abolish all institutions that perpetuate authority, coercion, or hierarchy, primarily targeting the state and capitalism. Anarchism advocates for the replacement of the state with stateless societies and voluntary free associations. A historically left-wing movement, anarchism is sometimes described as the libertarian wing of the socialist movement (libertarian socialism).

political ideology

Populism is a contested concept for a variety of political stances that emphasise the idea of the "common people", often in opposition to a perceived elite. It is frequently associated with anti-establishment and anti-political sentiment. The term developed in the late 19th century and has been applied to various politicians, parties, and movements since that time, often assuming a pejorative tone. Within political science and other social sciences, different definitions of populism have been employed.

Islamism is a range of religious and political ideological movements that believe that Islam should influence political systems. Its proponents believe Islam is innately political, and that Islam as a political system is superior to communism, liberal democracy, capitalism, and other alternatives in achieving a just, successful society. The advocates of Islamism, also known as "al-Islamiyyun", are usually affiliated with Islamic institutions or social mobilization movements, emphasizing the implementation of sharia, pan-Islamic political unity, and the creation of Islamic states.

Chauvinism ( ) is the unreasonable belief in the superiority or dominance of one's own group or people, who are seen as strong and virtuous, while others are considered weak, unworthy, or inferior. The Encyclopaedia Britannica describes it as a form of "excessive and unreasonable" patriotism and nationalism, a fervent faith in national excellence and glory.

national motto of France and Haiti

Centrism is the range of political ideologies that exist between left-wing politics and right-wing politics on the left–right political spectrum. It is associated with moderate politics, including people who strongly support moderate policies and people who are not strongly aligned with left-wing or right-wing policies. Centrism is commonly associated with liberalism, radical centrism, and agrarianism. Those who identify as centrist support gradual political change, often through a welfare state with moderate redistributive policies. Though its placement is widely accepted in political science

Extremism is "the quality or state of being extreme" or "the advocacy of extreme measures or views". The term is primarily used in a political or religious sense to refer to an ideology that is considered (by the speaker or by some implied shared social consensus) to be far outside the mainstream attitudes of society. It can also be used in an economic context. The term may be used pejoratively by opposing groups, but is also used in academic and journalistic circles in a purely descriptive and non-condemning sense.

Progressivism is a political philosophy and reform movement that seeks to progress the human condition through reforms. Adherents endeavor to spread this idea to human societies everywhere throughout the globe. Progressivism arose during the Age of Enlightenment out of the belief that civility in Europe was improving due to the application of new empirical knowledge.

Republicanism is a political ideology that promotes the republican system of government, in which sovereignty resides in the people and their elected representatives, as opposed to hereditary monarchy or other forms of absolute personal power. It is founded on several key principles, including civic virtue, active political participation, civic education, the fight against corruption (anti-corruption), a preference for a balanced and mixed constitution, government limited by constitutional laws, freedom as non-domination, and a commitment to the rule of law and the common good. Historically, i

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alt=|thumb|Contemporary map of the Slavic people|Slavic-speaking countries of [[Europe. South Slavs appear in dark green, East Slavs in green, and West Slavs in light green.]] Pan-Slavism is a political ideology that originated in the mid-19th century, emphasizing integrity and unity among the Slavic peoples. Its main impact occurred in the Balkans, where non-Slavic empires had ruled the South Slavs for centuries. These were mainly the Byzantine Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Venice.

political ideology within liberalism

thumb|alt=A two-colored flag, split diagonally, with yellow at the top and black at the bottom|The black and gold flag, a symbol of anarchism (black) and capitalism (gold) which, according to Murray Rothbard, was first flown in 1963 in [[Colorado and is also used by the Swedish Anarkokapitalistisk Front.|261x261px]]

thumb|upright=1.1|Members of the Anarchism in Spain|Spanish anarcho-syndicalist trade union CNT marching in [[Madrid with their red and black flags, 2010]]

political philosophy and school of thought

thumb|upright=1.1|Emblems used by medieval German guilds and [[corporations, displaying various symbols related to their professions]]

political ideology favoring civil liberties with emphasis on economic freedom

political and economic ideology

political ideology that aims to create an ecologically sustainable society rooted in environmentalism, social justice, and grassroots democracy

thumb|264px|The red, black, and green flag, associated with Pan-Africanism and Black nationalism designed by the UNIA in 1920.

Neoconservatism (colloquially neocon) is a political movement that combines features of traditional political and social conservatism with individualism and a qualified endorsement of free markets along with the assertive promotion of democracy and national interest, including through military means.

thumb|400px|Islam by country: [[Sunni Shia Ibadi]]thumb|Flag of the Shahada, often associated with Pan-Islamism. Pan-Islamism () is a internationalist and anti-nationalist political movement that advocates the unity of Muslims under one Islamic state, often a caliphate or an international organization with Islamic principles. Historically, after Ottomanism, which aimed at the unity of all Ottoman citizens, pan-Islamism was promoted in the Ottoman Empire during the last quarter of the 19th century by Sultan Abdul Hamid II for the purpose of preventing secession movements of the Muslim peoples i

thumb|261x261px|The Six Arrows flag inspired by the Turkish arrows in [[Topkapı Palace]]

thumb|222px|A combination of Ribbon of Saint George|Saint George's ribbon and the letter Z, two symbols associated with Ruscism. The combination of these symbols has been compared to the Nazi swastika, and is sometimes called zwastika.

philosophy that sociological understanding's primarily use should be social reform

thumb|right|The "Pyramid of Capitalist System" cartoon made by the [[Industrial Workers of the World (1911) is an example of a socialist critique of capitalism and of social stratification.]]

thumb|upright=1.1|Members of the Greek neo-fascist organisation Golden Dawn (Greece)|Golden Dawn in 2015

'''Ba'athism, also spelled Baathism''', is an Arab nationalist ideology which advocates the establishment of a unified Arab state through the rule of a Ba'athist vanguard party operating under a revolutionary socialist framework. The ideology is officially based on the theories of the Syrian intellectuals Michel Aflaq (per the Iraqi-led Ba'ath Party), Zaki al-Arsuzi (per the Syrian-led Ba'ath Party), and Salah al-Din al-Bitar. Ba'athist leaders of the modern era include the former president of Iraq Saddam Hussein, and former presidents of Syria Hafez al-Assad and his son Bashar al-Assad.

ideology that seeks to promote subnational administrative division interests

Communitarianism is a philosophy that emphasizes the connection between the individual and the community. Its overriding philosophy is based on the belief that a person's social identity and personality are largely moulded by community relationships, with a smaller degree of development being placed on individualism.

Masculism or masculinism may variously refer to ideologies and socio-political movements that seek to eliminate discrimination against men, or the promotion of masculine ideals. The terms may also refer to the men's rights movement or men's movement, as well as antifeminism or machismo.

social identity movements

political party with a balanced program (or one containing elements of ideologies from across the political spectrum) intended to be competitive among all sections of society

Anarcho-primitivism is an anarchist critique of civilization and a branch of green anarchism that advocates a return to non-civilized ways of life through deindustrialization, abolition of the division of labor or specialization, abandonment of large-scale organization and all technology other than prehistoric technology, and the dissolution of agriculture. Anarcho-primitivists critique the origins and alleged progress of the Industrial Revolution and industrial society. Most anarcho-primitivists advocate for a tribal-like way of life while some see an even simpler lifestyle as beneficial. Acc

ideology that advocates social, political and economic organization of human life

thumb|300px|Socialist Alternative (Australia)|Socialist Alternative banner at the Global Climate Strike 2021 in [[Melbourne, Australia]]

political ideology representing the conservative wing of the liberal movement

Laicism (also laicity, from the Ancient Greek "λαϊκός" "laïkós", meaning "layperson" or "non-cleric") refers to a legal and political model based on the strict separation of religion and state. The French term laïcité was coined in 1871 by French educator and future Nobel Peace Prize laureate Ferdinand Buisson, who advocated for secular education. In some countries, laicism is constitutionally enshrined, while others—primarily Western states—do not explicitly define themselves as Laicist but implement varying degrees of separation between religion and government.

liberalism combined with elements of nationalism

thumb|The fez (hat)|fez, which entered public life in the Ottoman Empire as part of [[Mahmud II's Westernization reforms, became a symbol of Islamist anti-Kemalism in Turkey.]] thumb|The extent of the Ottoman Empire in 1683 Neo-Ottomanism ( or ) is a reactionary, revisionist, monarchist, conservative and Islamist political ideology in Turkey that discredits the Turkish secular nationalist republic and its reforms, and glorifies the Ottoman dynasty and its traditionalist establishments like the caliphate. It is also an irredentist and imperialist ideology that, in its broadest sense, advocates

Nasserism () is an Arab nationalist and Arab socialist political ideology based on the thinking of Gamal Abdel Nasser, one of the two principal leaders of the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, and Egypt's second president. Spanning the domestic and international spheres, it combines elements of Arab socialism, republicanism, secularism, nationalism, anti-imperialism, developing world solidarity, Pan-Arabism, and international non-alignment. According to Mohamed Hassanein Heikal, Nasserism symbolised "the direction of liberation, socialist transformation, the people's control of their own resources,

multi-party, popular front-influenced rule by the people for the transition to socialism

expression of political thought, based on the native social and cultural traditions of the Indian subcontinent

extreme or radical form of Islam

Ordoliberalism is the German variant of economic liberalism that emphasizes the need for government to ensure that the free market produces results close to its theoretical potential.

Defeatism is the acceptance of defeat without struggle, often with negative connotations. It can be linked to pessimism in psychology, and may sometimes be used synonymously with fatalism or determinism.

thumb|The Labarum of [[Constantine the Great, the first Roman emperor to embrace Christianity]]

political ideology that, in the Indian subcontinent, Hindus and Muslims comprise separate nations

Economism is a direct reduction of any political or cultural phenomena or activities to economics.

political ideology

range of political philosophies which prioritize the local management and sovereignty

form of governance that would encompass all others

political ideology that arose in the 1990s, which defined elements of society, culture, and history common to the nations of Southeast Asia and East Asia

trans-national organization of political parties having similar ideology or political orientation

19th-century American political philosophy

thumb|Satellite photograph of Asia in orthographic projection. Pan-Asianism (also known as Asianism or Greater Asianism) is an ideology aimed at creating a political and economic unity among Asian peoples. Various theories and movements of Pan-Asianism have been proposed, particularly from East, South and Southeast Asia. The motive for the movement was in opposition to the values of Western imperialism and colonialism, and that Asian values were superior to European values.

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