Pre-Columbian cultures

The Mapuche ( , ), also known as Araucanians, are a group of Indigenous inhabitants of south-central Chile and southwestern Argentina, including parts of Patagonia. The collective term refers to a wide-ranging ethnicity composed of various groups who share a common social, religious, and economic structure, as well as a common linguistic heritage as Mapudungun speakers. Their homelands once extended from Choapa Valley to the Chiloé Archipelago and later spread eastward to Puelmapu, a land comprising part of the Argentine pampa and Patagonia. Today, the Mapuche represent 77.16% of Chile’s indig

thumb|250px|right|A Toltec-style clay vessel (American Museum of Natural History). The Toltec culture () was a pre-Columbian Mesoamerican culture that ruled a state centered in Tula, Hidalgo, Mexico, during the Epiclassic and the early Post-Classic period of Mesoamerican chronology, reaching prominence from 950 to 1150 CE. The later Aztec culture considered the Toltec to be their intellectual and cultural predecessors and described Toltec culture emanating from Tōllān (Nahuatl for Tula) as the epitome of civilization. In the Nahuatl language the word Tōltēkatl (singular) or Tōltēkah (plural) c

The Taíno were the Indigenous peoples in most of the West Indies, in the Caribbean region of the Americas. Their culture has been continued today by their descendants and by Taíno revivalist communities. They were the first New World peoples encountered by non-Norse Europeans. Part of the Arawak group of Indigenous peoples in the Americas, the Taíno are also referred to as Island Arawaks or Antillean Arawaks.

culture that flourished 100 to 700 during the Regional Development Epoch in modern Peru

right|thumb|260px|Location of Muisca in Colombia. right|thumb|260px|View of the Eastern Ranges of the Andean natural region[[Lake Tota is clearly visible]] right|thumb|260px|The Altiplano Cundiboyacense in the Eastern Ranges; territory of the Muisca right|thumb|260px|Southwestern Altiplano; Bogotá savanna, territory of the southern mosca (zipa)

pre-Columbian civilisation from Peru

ancient Native American culture in Four Corners region of the United States

Paleo-Indians (also spelled Paleoindians) were the first peoples who entered and subsequently inhabited the Americas towards the end of the Late Pleistocene period. The word comes from the prefix paleo-, taken from , and "Indian", which has been historically used to refer to Indigenous peoples of the Americas. The term Paleo-Indian applies specifically to the lithic period in the Western Hemisphere and is distinct from the term Paleolithic.

complex pre-Columbian era society that included as many as 30 major population centers in what is now the Norte Chico region of north-central coastal Peru

prehistoric culture in the Americas c. 13,000 – 11,000 BP

civilization

indigenous people from Patagonia

thumb|upright=1.4|The Great House at the Casa Grande Ruins National Monument

Paleo-Indian archaeological culture that occupied much of central North America

archaeological site in Llanquihue Province, Chile

archaeological culture of South America

Pre-Columbian Native American culture

pre-Columbian cultures of North America that constructed various styles of earthen mounds

capital city of the pre-Columbian K'iche' Maya of highland Guatemala.

state in present-day central Mexico (c. 1300-1530)

thumb|right|200px|Cañari musicians thumb|right|200px|A Cañari weaver at his loom

thumb|upright=1.3|Map showing ancient pre-Columbian cultures in northern South America Tairona or Tayrona was a Pre-Columbian culture of Colombia, which consisted of a group of chiefdoms in the region of Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in present-day Cesar, Magdalena and La Guajira Departments of Colombia, South America, which goes back at least to the 1st century AD and had significant demographic growth around the 11th century.

archaeological culture in modern-day Ecuador

thumb|230px|Grave Creek Mound, in [[Moundsville, West Virginia]] thumb|230px|Kościuszko Mound, [[Kraków, Poland]] thumb|230px|Oseberg Ship#Burial mound|Oseberg Mound, [[Tønsberg, Norway]]

Civilization on the central coast of Peru between the yearS 1200 and 1470

The Zenú, Sinú or Cenú is a pre-Columbian culture and Indigenous people in Colombia, whose ancestral territory comprises the valleys of the Sinú and San Jorge rivers as well as the coast of the Caribbean around the Gulf of Morrosquillo. These lands lie within the departments of Córdoba and Sucre.

period of North American pre-Columbian cultures

Indigenous pre-columbian ethnic group and Amerindian nation maintaining their indigeneity

system for dating cultural periods in the Andean Region

from Huila, Colombia

The Picunche (a Mapudungun word meaning "North People"), also referred to as picones by the Spanish, were a Mapudungun-speaking people living to the north of the Mapuches or Araucanians (a name given to those Mapuche living between the Itata and Toltén rivers) and south of the Choapa River and the Diaguitas. Until the Conquest of Chile the Itata was the natural limit between the Mapuche, located to the south, and Picunche, to the north. During the Inca attempt to conquer Chile the southern Picunche peoples that successfully resisted them were later known as the Promaucaes.

pre-Columbian culture in northwestern central Peru

cave and archaeological site in Patagonia

large number of Holocene settlements which flourished between 8000 BCE and 4600 BCE, near the coast of present-day Ecuador

thumb|Flag

The Saladoid culture is a pre-Columbian Indigenous culture of territory in present-day Venezuela and the Caribbean that flourished from 500 BCE to 545 CE. Concentrated along the lowlands of the Orinoco River, the people migrated by sea to the Lesser Antilles, and then to Puerto Rico.

second period of human occupation in the Americas

Culture of Peru

Archaeological culture from Colombia and Ecuador

thumb | right | alt=Location of the Patayan culture, in western Oasisamerica | Location of the Patayan culture, in western Oasisamerica Patayan refers to a group of precontact and historical Native American cultures residing in parts of modern-day Arizona, extending west to Lake Cahuilla in California, and in Baja California.

indigenous Amazon-river society

ethnic group

America

thumb|Picture of Fernando Daquilema (Puruhá), a rebel in the 1871 uprising

The Diquis culture (sometimes spelled Diquís) was a pre-Columbian indigenous culture of Costa Rica that flourished from AD 700 to 1530. The word "diquís" means "great waters" or "great river" in the Boruca language. The Diquis formed part of the Greater Chiriqui culture that spanned from southern Costa Rica to western Panama.

The Mokaná (also Mocaná) are an indigenous people living in the Atlántico Department of Colombia. They are the only indigenous community in the department. The Mokaná language, part of the Malibu family of languages, is extinct; only 500 words have been preserved.

neolithic culture in Ecuador

pre-columbian Native Ecuadorians

indigenous people of northern Ecuador

indigenous people in the Andes of north-eastern Colombia

archaeological culture

archaeological culture

America

period in the archaeology of the Americas (1000 BCE – 500 CE)

ethnic subgroup native to southern Chile

The Huarpes or Warpes are an Indigenous people of Argentina, living in the Cuyo region. Some scholars assume that in the Huarpe language, this word means "sandy ground", but according to Arte y Vocabulario de la lengua general del Reino de Chile, written by Andrés Febrés in Lima in 1765, the word Cuyo comes from Araucanian cuyum puulli, meaning "sandy land" or "desert country".

As an archeological region

the Late Paleo-Indian hunter-gatherer societies of the Great Plains of North America

angostura site

The Capayán were an Indigenous people, now extinct, that lived in Argentine territory.