Presocratic philosophy

Greek philosophers active before and during the time of Socrates

Atomism () is a natural philosophy proposing that the physical universe is composed of fundamental indivisible components known as atoms.

A sophist () was a professional travelling teacher in ancient Greece in the fifth and fourth centuries BC. Sophists specialized in one or more subject areas, such as philosophy, rhetoric, music, athletics, mathematics, and arete: "virtue" or "excellence". The sophists sold their tutoring expertise predominantly to young statesmen and nobility. Certain sophists are regarded as philosophers in their own right. The first credited sophist, Protagoras, argued that "man is the measure of all things", and he controversially would strive to "make the weaker argument the stronger".

thumb|upright=1.3|In Raphael's fresco [[The School of Athens, Pythagoras is shown writing in a book as a young man presents him with a tablet showing a diagrammatic representation of music theory on a lyre above a drawing of the sacred tetractys.]]

thumb|215x215px|Bust of Parmenides, considered to be the founder of Eleatic philosophy The Eleatics were a group of pre-Socratic philosophers and school of thought in the 5th century BC centered around the ancient Greek colony of Elea (), located around 80 miles south-east of Naples in southern Italy, then known as Magna Graecia.

thumb | right | alt=This is a mosaic from Johannisstraße, Trier dating to the early third century AD, showing the Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher Anaximander of Miletus holding a sundial. | A mosaic from Johannisstraße, Trier, dating to the early third century AD, showing the Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher Anaximander of Miletus holding a sundial. Apeiron (; ) is a Greek word meaning '(that which is) unlimited; boundless; infinite; indefinite' from a- 'without' and peirar 'end, limit; boundary', the Ionic Greek form of peras 'end, limit, boundary'.

In philosophy and theology, metempsychosis () is the transmigration of the soul, especially its reincarnation after death. The term is derived from ancient Greek philosophy, and has been recontextualized by modern philosophers such as Arthur Schopenhauer, Kurt Gödel, Mircea Eliade, and Magdalena Villaba; otherwise, the word "transmigration" is more appropriate. The word plays a prominent role in James Joyce's Ulysses and is also associated with Nietzsche. Another term sometimes used synonymously is palingenesis.

Greek philosophy centred in Miletus, Ionia in the 6th and 5th centuries BCE

incomplete book by Friedrich Nietzsche

Ancient Greek rhetorical exercise

standard system for referencing the works of the pre-Socratic philosophers