Protein biosynthesis

A ribosome () is a ribonucleoprotein particle found in all cells, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic, responsible for the synthesis of proteins. A ribosome functions as a molecular machine in the translation of strands of messenger RNA (mRNA) and production of a protein. A ribosome links amino acids together in the order specified by the codons of mRNA molecules to form polypeptide chains. A ribosome is made up of a large and a small subunit, each consisting of one or more ribosomal RNA molecules and many ribosomal proteins. The ribosomes and associated molecules are also known as the translation

rules by which information encoded within genetic material is translated into proteins

large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression

cellular metabolic process in which a protein is formed, using the sequence of a mature mRNA or circRNA molecule to specify the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

in biology, the creation of proteins using information from nucleic acids

adaptor molecule composed of RNA, typically 76–90 nucleotides, that carries amino acids to the ribosome as directed by codons in mRNA

RNA component of the ribosome, essential for protein synthesis in all living organisms

proteins assisting in protein folding

covalent and generally enzymatic modification of proteins during or after protein biosynthesis

a codon that marks the end of a sequence

ribosomal binding site in prokaryotic messenger RNA

thumb|Several ribosomes synthesizing a polypeptide on the same mRNA strand A polysome (or polyribosome or ergosome) is a group of ribosomes bound to an mRNA molecule like "beads" on a "thread". It consists of a complex of an mRNA molecule and two or more ribosomes that act to translate mRNA instructions into polypeptides. Originally coined "ergosomes" in 1963, they were further characterized by Jonathan Warner, Paul M. Knopf, and Alex Rich.

class of enzymes

which divides a sequence of nucleotides into a set of consecutive, non-overlapping triplets

bifunctional RNA that has properties of a tRNA and an mRNA

in molecular biology

class of proteins

RNA base pair that does not follow Watson-Crick base pair rules; guanine–uracil (G-U), hypoxanthine–uracil (I-U), hypoxanthine–adenine (I-A), or hypoxanthine–cytosine (I-C)

protein which binds to a ribosome to initiate translation

compound which inhibits the synthesis of proteins

class of proteins / complexes

form of Mutation

sequence in the 5′ UTR of some mRNAs where a ribosome can bind

EF-G (elongation factor G, historically known as translocase) is a prokaryotic elongation factor involved in mRNA translation. As a GTPase, EF-G catalyzes the movement (translocation) of transfer RNA (tRNA) and messenger RNA (mRNA) through the ribosome.

thumb|An aminoacyl-tRNA, with the tRNA above the arrow and a generic amino acid below the arrow. Most of the tRNA structure is shown as a simplified, colorful ball-and-stick model; the terminal adenosine and the amino acid are shown as [[structural formulas. The arrow indicates the ester linkage between the amino acid and tRNA.]]

REDIRECT Protein splicing#Intein

fully artificial DNA production method based on solid-phase DNA synthesis

smaller subunit of the 70S ribosome found in prokaryote cells

protein synthesis process in bacteria

Protein critical for bacterial RNA translation

class of enzymes

EF-Tu (elongation factor thermo unstable) is a prokaryotic elongation factor responsible for catalyzing the binding of an aminoacyl-tRNA (aa-tRNA) to the ribosome. It is a G-protein, and facilitates the selection and binding of an aa-tRNA to the A-site of the ribosome. As a reflection of its crucial role in translation, EF-Tu is one of the most abundant and highly conserved proteins in prokaryotes. It is found in eukaryotic mitochondria as TUFM.

post-translational removal of peptide sequences from a protein sequence

sequence of nucleotides

proteins

list of standard rules to translate DNA encoded information into proteins

Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 2 (eIF2) is a eukaryotic initiation factor. It is required for most forms of eukaryotic translation initiation. eIF2 mediates the binding of tRNAiMet to the ribosome in a GTP-dependent manner. eIF2 is a heterotrimer consisting of an alpha (also called subunit 1, EIF2S1), a beta (subunit 2, EIF2S2), and a gamma (subunit 3, EIF2S3) subunit.

type of RNA

molecular biology technique

a eukaryotic RNA transcript

kinesin walking on a microtubule